Socio Tech: June 2020

7. SETTLEMENTS AND MIGRATION

👉 Click here for PART -B (Test Your self)

I. Keywords:

1. Settlement : The way people organize themselves and their living spaces in a place is called a settlement.

2. Megacities : Cities having more than 10 million people. Ex: Greater Mumbai.

3. Aerotropolis : A new kind of settlement is happening in many countries, including India. These settlements are centered around large airports. Hence, the name aerotropolis or

airport city.

4. Urbanisation: People have been increasingly taking up non agriculture work and living in cities and towns: This process is called urbanisation.

5. Metropolitan city : Cities having population between one and 10 million.

6. Migration: Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration can be occur for a variety of different reasons, including political, economic and social.

7. Immigration: The process of people coming into a country in order to live and work there.

8. Emigration: People leaving one country to reside in another.

9. Seasonal migration:

10. Border: The line, limit, or delimiting geographic feature that separates one country, state, province, etc., from another

II.Improve your learning

1.What is a settlement? (AS1)

Ans:

2. How was human lifestyle changed with settlements? (AS1)

Ans:

3. How does the Census of India define various kinds of places? How does it organize them inorder of size and other characteristics? (AS1)

Ans:

4. What is an aerotropolis? How is it structured? (AS1)

5. Read the last para of page 99 “When families migrate ...... many of them become dropouts”, and comment on it. (AS2)

Ans:

6. Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural to rural areas. (AS1)

Ans:

7. Do you think migrants are trouble makers/ trouble shooters in their destinations? Justify youranswer. (AS4)

Ans:

8. How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in rural areas? (AS1)

Ans:

9. Why are only professionals able to go to developed countries? Why cannot unskilled workers migrate to these countries? (AS1)

Ans:

10. Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and international migration. (AS1)

Ans:

11. Locate the following in the map of India. (AS5)

a) Chennai b) Bengaluru c) Delhi d) Hyderabad e) Kolkata

III. Short Answers:

*What is a settlement?

The way we organize ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called a settlement

*What are the differences between Nomadic life style sedentary lifestyle?

Nomadic life style:

1. The practice of early humans roaming from one place to another in search of food is called Nomadic lifestyle.

2. The humans were hunter-gathers in this system.

Sedentary life style:

1. The practice of staying at one place to produce food through agriculture is called Sedentary lifestyle.

2. The humans became agriculturists in this system.

*What are the basic concepts of a settlement?

There are three basic concepts of a settlement.

They are: 1. The Site

2. The Situation

3. The History of a place

*What are the most common reasons for migration for females and males?

1. Marriage is the most common for migration of female.

2. Employment is the most common reasons for migration of Men.

*What are the criteria used by the census for identifying a person as a migrant?

Two criteria are used by the census:

1. Birth place (place where the person was born)

2. Last usual place of residence (a place where the person had stayed for a period of six months or more)

*What is urbanization?

1. People have been increasingly taking up non agriculture work and living in cities and towns.

2. This process is called urbanization.

*Mention any two reasons for increase in area of a settlement.

1. The historical and geographical conditions of the place.

2. Migration of people to the place.

*How did the population in cities and towns increase?

1. Natural growth within the urban areas.

2. Expansion, with the Inclusion of rural areas surrounding the older town and city.

3. People migrating from Rural to Urban areas.

*What is an Aerotropolis? Give two examples.

The settlement centred around an airport is called an aerotropolis.

Ex:

1. Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi.

2. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad

3. Kempegouda International Airport, Bengaluru.

*What is the centre of an aerotropolis? Name any two facilities located in Aerotropolis?

1. Airport is the centre of the aerotropolis.

2. Hotels, shopping, entertainment and business conference facilities are available there.

3. People can fly out with all the comforts of a city, without the traffic and other problems.

*What are differences between Megacities and Metropolitan cities?

Mega cities:

1. The cities having more than 10 million people are called mega cities.

2. Examples: Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi.

Metropolitan cities:

1. The cities having population between 1 million 10 millions are called Metropolitan cities or million plus cities.

2. Examples: Chennai and Hyderabad

*Why is a master plan necessary for every city?

1. In any city, there should be housing areas, markets, schools, industrial areas, office areas, parks and recreational areas and so on.

2. A master plan is necessary so as the planners can decide the types of roads , the amount of water or electricity required, how to dispose waste, how to clean sewage etc.

*Give two examples for Aerotropolis in other countries.

1. Suvarna bhoomi International Airport, Bangkok

2. Heathrow International Airport, London.

*What is migration?

Moving of people from their places to other places in search of better opportunities is called migration.

*What are the problems of urbanization?

1. Providing roads, drainage, electricity, water and other public facilities.

2. Problems of sewage and other waste disposal.

3. Increase in air pollution due to the increase in the number of vehicles.

4. Increase in the use of materials that either do not degrade or take a long time to do.

*Mention two reasons for seasonal migration?

1. Uneven development

2. Regional disparity

*What are the differences between internal and international migration?

Internal migration:

1. If people migrate from and place to another place country what is called internal migration.

2. It needs no visa and other documents.

3. No change in National Income due to this migration.

International migrations:

1. If people migrate from one country to another country is called International migration.

2. It needs visa and other documents

3. There will be increase in National Income due to international migration.

*How many types of international migration are from India?

They are of two types:

1. Skilled and Professional people's migration to developed countries.

2. Unskilled and Semi-skilled workers' migration to oil exporting countries.

*Why do people migrate from rural areas to urban areas?

1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to Insufficient employment opportunities.

2. Inadequate income available in rural employment.

3. Expectation of higher incomes.

4. More opportunities and better services to family members

*What are the differences between Rural to Urban and Rural to Rural migrations?

Rural to Urban:

1. People migrate from rural to urban due to insufficient employment opportunities and inadequate income

2. The great employment in industries and service sectors.

3. Generally men migrate, but women stay in villages.

4. This migration will be for longer duration.

Rural to Rural:

1. People migrate from rural to rural areas due to distress caused in rural areas.

2. They get employment in agriculture sector as they are mainly agricultural laborers or marginal farmers.

3. They migrate with their family.

4. The migration will be for the shorter duration.

*What are the problems faced by international migrants?

Problems of international migrants:

1. Recruitment agents cheat prospective workers or collect more than the prescribed fees.

2. At times, migrant workers are not paid their salaries.

3. Employers pay less than the agreed salary and freeze fringe benefits.

4. Employers terminate the job contract before its expiry.

5. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments.

6. Deny permission to keep one's own passport.

*What is the difference between the immigration and the emigration?

Immigration:

1. Coming on migration to a foreign country is called Immigration.

Emigration:

1. Going on migration to a foreign country is called emigration.

20. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN OUR TIMES

👉Click here for Part -B Choose the Correct answers (Test Your Self)

I. Keywords:

1.Civil Rights:

2.Civil disobedience:

3.Segregation:

4.Destabilise:

5.Antiwar:

6.Draft age:

7.Weaponisation:

8.Rehabilitation:

9.Compensation:

10.Anti-arrack:

11.Democratic Participatory:

II. Improve your learning:

1.Here is a list of items that you can use to make a table on social movements. Find out the similarities and differences between the different movements:

Main area of focus of the movement; location; main demands; modes of protest; important leaders; response from the state; possible impact on society;

2. Kannaiah, Ramya and Salma have a debate. Ramya argues it is okay to restrict the freedom of press etc but ensure that people do not live in poverty. Salma argues that food alone is not important. It is equally important to have freedom of press because there is no other way people would know if there is violation of dignity of people in different parts of the country. Kannaiah says that how will it make a difference if press belongs to the rich and powerful people, why would they cover things that ordinary people expect. They have different expectations. Whom would you agree with and give reasons, from the context of human rights?

3. What are the basic features of a social movement?

4. What is the role of ordinary individuals described in the case studies given in the

chapter?

5. How are the rights of black people in USA and Meira Paibi movements similar or different?

Ans:

6. Democracies have been identified as most

prominent political systems across the world.

Do you think democracy has been able to take care of all the expectations of people? Based on the examples cited in these chapter is, write a short note on ‘democracy and social movements’.

Ans:

7. Discuss and find out how movements mobilise people from across the globe like in

the above instance of campaign to protest in the context of Bhopal gas tragedy.

III. Short Answers:

*What is the role of people in movements?

They participate in large numbers, try to understand some problem, decide in favour of some form of change then actually for it.

*Why was the American Civil Rights Movement fought?

It was fought:

1.For equal treatment of African Americans / Black Americans

2.Against the rules that permitted segregation of blacks and whites in schools, buses and public places

3.Against the discrimination them in appointments, housing and voting rights.

*What were the non-violent forms of the American Civil Rights Movement?

1. Massive demonstrations

2. Marches.

3. Civil disobedience.

4. Boycott of discriminatory service

*What were the demands of the Washington March protesters?

Their demands:

1. Passage of civil rights act

2. Full and fair employment

3. Right to vote

4. Integrated education system

*Who were the important leaders of Human Rights Movement in the USSR?

1.Alexander Solzhenitsyn, the famous writer

2.Andrei Sakharov, the nuclear scientist

*What was Glasnost?

The process of reform in the USSR by President Gorbachev to bring greater freedom for the people was called Glasnost.

*What is the Military-Industrial complex?

The companies which produce nuclear arms are collectively called the military Industrial complex.

*What are the differences between SALT and START discussions?

SALT:-

1.The USA and the USSR began Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) to cut down their nuclear arsenal.

2.These talks were unsuccessful rise

START:-

1.The largest and most complex arms control treaty in the history signed in 1991 between USA and USSR is called Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

2.Due to this treaty, 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons were removed by 2001

*What were the effects of Chernobyl Accident?

1.A major accident took place in the nuclear plant at Chernobyl in USSR killing

2.A large number of workers died in the accident.

3.It also contaminated the atmosphere in many European countries.

4.Its effects created awareness among the people of world about the danger of nuclear power.

5.It helped to merge antiwar concerns with the concerns of environmental protection.

*What is Neo-liberalism?

1.The economic and political changes happening World wide since 1990 called Neo liberalism / Globalization.

2.It is deeply affected the lives of under privileged and poor.

*Explain about green peace movement. What is its aim?

1.It started as a protest in 1971 against the American underwater nuclear tests near Alaska, USA.

2.Today the Greenpeace movement is spread over forty countries with its

headquarters in Amsterdam (Holland).

3.Greenpeace has taken up the impact of climate change across many countries.

4.It aims at "ensuring the ability of the earth to nature life in all its diversity".

*What are polar ice caps?

The vast accumulations of water in the form of Ice on the two poles are called polar ice caps.

*What are the four main demands of the Bhopal gas disaster victims? (June 2023)

Main demands of victims of Bhopal:

1. Proper medical treatment of the victims.

2. Adequate compensation for them based on international standards as the company was a multinational company.

3. Fixing criminal responsibility for the disaster on the management.

4. Finally steps to prevent such disasters in the future.

*Give examples for multipurpose dams in India.

1. Bhakhra Nangal in Himachal Pradesh

2. Hirakud in Orissa

3. Nagarjuna Sagar in Andhra Pradesh

*What did the people to be displaced from Narmada river project demand?

1.A fair compensation to all the people who lived there

2.Proper rehabilitation with land in return for the land lost.

3.Afforestation to compensate for the loss of forests under the dam.

*Why did the World Bank decides to with draw it’s funding to Sardar Sarovar Project?

Because of the intense protests, mobilization, marches, hunger fasts and an international campaign by Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA), the World Bank withdrew its funding.

*What was Silent Valley Movement?

1.It was started against building a dam across two rivers in the Silent Valley in Western Ghats in Kerala.

2.After severe protests, the government stopped the project and converted the valley into a National Park in 1985.

*Write about Anti-arrack Movement in AP?

1.It was started against the sale and drinking of liquor by Dalit women of Dubagunta village in Nellore district of AP.

2.After protests by women across the state, arrack was officially banned in 1993 and total prohibition was imposed in1995.

*What are the bad effects of alcohol?

1. Causing serious health problems like High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, liver disease, and digestive problems.

2.Addiction can have a damaging effect on entire families.

3.Poverty and physical or sexual, child abuse, spouse abuse increase.

4.Damages relationships and society through aggression against others and violent crimes.

*What is AFSP Act, 1958?

1.Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA, 1958) gives the security forces the right to arrest or shoot people simply under suspicion of being involved in anti -national activities.

2.North Eastern states are demanding to scrap the Act as it is argued that the provisions of the law have been abused.

*What is Meira Paibi Movement?

1.It was started by the Manipuri women to prevent the public disorder due to alcohol abuse in late1970s.

2.After imposing AFSPA in the state, they started patrolling in the streets at night against the military operations and human rights violations by the army.

*What are the similarities between the anti- arrack movement of and Meira Paibi movement?

1.Both movements were started by women.

2.The root cause of the movements is alcoholism.

3.Both were successful.

4.It shows that anything can be possible if women are united.

*What are the basic features of a social movement? (OR) Write about the fundamental characteristics of social Movements?

1.Social movements raise diverse demands.

2.Some resist the changes that are forced upon and some other demand for change

3.They often distance themselves from individual political parties.

4.They were fought in a participatory and democratic manner.

*What will you do to ban “ Spurious Labor in your area?

4.What are the difficulties faced by the people due to construction of the projects.

5.Prepare a pamphlet on the environmental protection.

6.Give reasons for Human Rights Movement in USSR.

7.Read the Paragraph “Though the government’s declared policy and plan is trumpeted to be progressive and land-based, it is obvious that it has not been able to guarantee land to those who lost their

livelihoods. The environmental measures have not been complied with yet. To raise the height of the dam disregarding various

conditions made in the clearances and the policy promises is unjust

8.Compare and contrast the blacks movement in America and Maria paibi Movement.

👉 Click here for Part -B Choose the Correct answers (Test Your Self)

17. INDEPENDENT INDIA (THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS (1947 - 77)

Key words:

*What were the main challenges before the leadership in India's post-independence history?

*Need to maintain unity and integrity.

*Bring out our social and economic transformation.

*To ensure the successful working of the democratic system.

*Write a brief note on the First General Elections. (TS June 2023)

First General Elections:

i) First general elections were held in the year 1952.

ii) Elections are held on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.

iii) This was difficult to conduct because of the illiteracy.

iv) Symbols from everyday life to represent political parties and candidates.

v) Each candidate had a separate ballot box with the symbol stuck outside.

vi) Many political parties are contested.

vii) Congress party won in the elections.

*How did the Election Commission overcome the problem of illiteracy in the first General Elections?

1. To overcome the problem of illiteracy, the Election Commission came up with a novel idea of having Symbols from everyday life to represent political parties and candidates.

2. This basic idea continues even today.

3. To make it even easier, in the first election each

candidate had a separate ballot box with the symbol stuck outside.

4. the voter only had to drop their ballot paper in the box of their preferred candidate

*What was the Congress system?

1.The Congress has been in the power long time both the centre and in the states.

2.The situation where the opposition parties are weak with a strong ruling party is known as one party dominant system or Congress system.

*Give examples for the demand for reorganization of States on the basis of language?

1. Separate Andhra state.

2. Samyuktha Karnataka.

3. Samyuktha Maharashtra.

4. Merger of Travancore and Cochin.

5. State of Punjab for Sikhs.

*Which language speaking people were there in Madras Presidency?

Madras Presidency had people speaking Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, Gondi, and Oriya languages.

*Why was the Congress against the reorganization of States on the linguistic lines after India's Independence?

Because Congress feared that language reorganization would lead to break down of the country.

*When was the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) appointed and who were its members?

The SRC was appointed in August 1953 with 3 Members:

1. Fazl Ali.

2. H. N. Kunzru.

3. K. M. Panikkar.

*Is there a need for a national language ?

1.It is good to have a national language so, that people can communicate easily.

2.India being a diverse country with different languages , it is difficult for a common man to learn all the languages rather it is easy to communicate through one national language.

3.This helps the country progress internally and develop at the international level.

4.There would be no distrust among the people as their language was not given importance and all the languages would be treated equal.

*How many political units were created in India according to States Reorganization Act, 1956?

It created 14 states and 6 union territories.

*Why were the tribal languages ignored at the time of States reorganization in 1956?

1.The tribal languages like Gondi and Santhali or Oraon were not taken into account.

2.They are living in a smaller areas of forest.

3.They were not spoken by the majority people.

4.The powerful and dominant languages were considered.

*Should all languages have equal status? Why?

1.All languages in our country should have equal status.

2.English continued to be a communicative language between centre and states.

3.As Hindi was well known mostly in the northern part of the country, it was announced as the national language of the country.

*What did the Constituent Assembly put at the top of the agenda of modern India?

It put the" social and economic change" the top of the agenda.

*What did the First Five Year plan stress on?

Stress on the need for:-

1. Increasing food production.

2. Development of transport and communications.

3. Provision for social services.

4. Industrialise India as quickly as possible.

* Why is Green Revolution Compulsory in India? (June 2016)

Green Revolution in India is compulsory because:

1. To meet the needs of the increasing population by increasing food production

2. To use better water management.

3. To achieve the self-sufficiency in food grains production.

4. To eliminate the hunger and famines.

*What are the results of the Green Revolution ?

(June 2015)

Positive Results:

1. Increase in food grains production.

2. Achieved self-sufficiency in food grains production.

3. Net irrigated and cultivated area increased.

4. Increase in double cropped area

5. Increase in yield per hectare level.

6. Increase in the area under High Yielding Varieties.

Negative results:

7. Increase in the use of fertilizers.

8. Decreasing underground water levels.

9. Decreasing soil fertility because use of chemical fertilizers.

10. Increasing water pollution.

*What were the components of the strategy adopted for agricultural transformation by Nehru?

Three components:-

1. Land Reforms

2. Agricultural Cooperatives

3. Local self-government

*How many types of Land Reforms were contemplated? (Or) What are the land reforms proposed by Jawaharalal Nehru? (TS June 2019)

Three Types of Land Reforms:-

1. Abolition of Zaminmdari system.

2. Tenancy Reforms.

3. Land Ceilings.

* What are the qualities do you like in Jawaharlal Nehru? Why?

1. He was the man of great vision.

2. He was the first Prime Minister of India who ruled 16 years till his death.

3. He was a great leader, Politican and writer.

4. He made efforts towards the unity of and integrity of India.

5. He was a strong leader a good communications.

6. He formed Non Alignment Movement for peace and formulated Pancha sheel.

7. He was introduced five year plans for the development.

7. He strived for the Democracy.

8. He loved children.

*What was the foreign policy followed by Nehru?

He followed a policy of non joining in either camps of USA or USSR, and tried to maintain equi distance and independent position in foreign policy.

*Which countries built the Non-Aligned Movement?

1. India.

2. Indonesia.

3. Egypt.

4. Yugoslavia.

*What foreign policy did Nehru formulate for the immediate neighbours?

He formulated the Panchsheel policy of

non–interference in each other’s internal affairs.

*How many wars did India face with its neighbors in the first thirty years of Independence?

India faced wars with Pakistan in 1948, 1965 and 1971 and with China in 1962.

*Which challenges did Lal Bahadur Shastri face as a prime minister?

1. Anti Hindi agitation.

2. Shortage of food in the country.

3. War with Pakistan in1965.

*Which qualities of Lal Bahadur Shastri do you like? Why? (June 2017)

1. The man of the highest integrity, loyalty, devoted to ideals and conscience.

2. He was humble, tolerant, with great inner strength and righteousness.

3. He was a man of who understood the people and their languages.

4. He was led the country towards progress.

5. He coined a famous slogan 'Jai Jawan - Jai Kisan'

6.He was a tireless Champion of the interests of the working class and peasants.

7. He was deeply influenced by the political teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.

8. I would be follow his ideas and righteousness.

*What were Samyuktha Vidhayak Dal (SVD) governments?

They were basically a coalition of legislators against Congress, made up Jan Sangh, Socialists, Swatantra Party and Congress defectors, besides local parties.

*Which intermediate castes gained political power in1967elections in various States?

1. Jats – Haryana and UP.

2. Kurmis and Koeris - Bihar.

3. Yadavs - UP and Bihar.

4. Lodhis - Madhya Pradesh.

5. Reddys and Kammas - Andhra Pradesh.

6. Vokkaligas - Karnataka.

7. Vallalas- Tamil Nadu.

*What was the Shivasena's demand?

1.Shivasena's demand was Bombay should belong to Maharashtrians only.

2.The party targeted south Indians, believing that they were cornering all employment in the City.

*What does Article 370 of Indian constitution refer to?

1.It refers to the Jammu and Kashmir giving a greater autonomy and powers to it compared to other states of India.

2.However this article was scrapped recently in 2019.

*What is meant by left turn policy? (Or)

Which actions taken by Indira Gandhi as called left turn?

1. She adapted a series of measures to come power marked "left turn' in her politics.

2. Indira Gandhi went early elections in 1971 instead of 1972 using popular slogan "Garibi Hatao".

3. She attempted to create a new social base of her own and for her party by identifying the poor and the downtrodden.

4. She also promised radical restructuring of the system to benefit the poor and marginalised.

4. She apparently to achieve the goal of social and economic transformation passed important legislations that were nationalisation of many private banks and abolishing of princely pensions.

*How did India help for liberation of Bangladesh in 1971 ?

1.In 1971 a war broke out between India and Pakistan.

2.India helped Bangladesh to achieve. independence form Pakistan strategically.

3.India raised not only her military strength but also followed diplomacy as Non - Aligned nation.

4.This is happened due to the non- intereference of both super powers.

*What were the two important legislations passed during Indira Gandhi's period to achieve the goal of social and economic transformation?

1. Nationalisation of private banks.

2. Abolishment of princely pensions.

*What was J.P movement?

1. It was started by the opposition parties and united under Jaya Prakash Narayan.

2. He led a series of campaigns in different parts of the country against the Congress and especially against Indira Gandhi.

*How did Indira Gandhi justify the imposition of emergency?

She justified it as necessary:

1.To preserve order.

2.To save democracy.

3.To protect the social and economic transformation.

4.To preserve the national integrity.

*Name some welcome moves and unpopular moves taken by the emergency government.

Welcome Moves:

1. Control over price rise.

2. Campaign against black marketing.

3. bonded labour.

Unpopular Moves

1. Demolition of slums.

2. Forced sterilization.

*Write about the Indira Gandhi?

1. The first woman Prime Minister of India.

2. She gave a slogan 'Garibi Hatao '

3. Good leadership Qualities, Charismatic leader.

4. Political strength, Decisiveness, vision for India's future.

5. Strong will.

What were the institutional changes that came up after the Emergency?

(OR)

*What were the aims of 42nd Constitutional Amendment?

The following are the institutional changes that came up after the emergence

1.Emergency was implemented at the cost of democracy.

2.Many of the fundamental rights were suspended.

3. Excluding courts from election disputes

4.Strengthening the central government visa-a-visa state governments.

5.Providing maximum protection from judicial challenges to social and economic transformation legislation.

6.Making the Judiciary sub servant to Parliament.

*In what ways was the Emergency period a set back to the Indian democracy?

Indira Gandhi imposed emergency on 25th June 1975.

1.There was fundamental rights were suspended.

2.There were instances of arbitrary detention, torture and other violation of civil liberties.

3.Political leaders who opposed Indira Gandhi were put in jail.

3.Demolition of slums and forced sterilization brought discontent among the people.

4. In the absence of civic freedom, people could not express their discontent.

Thus, the emergency was no less than a setback to the Indian democracy.

*Give examples for independent institutions in the institutional frame work of India?

Ex: 1. Judiciary.

2. Election Commission.

3. Comptroller and Auditor General.

*Give examples for the places where communal riots happened between 1947-77.

1. Ranchi

2. Ahmedabad

3. Jalgaon

4. Aligarh

*What is Delhi agreement?

1.The agreement reached between Sheik Abdullah, the Prime Minister of Kashmir and Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India on the status of Jammu and Kashmir in 1952 is called Delhi agreement.

2.According to this, the Kashmir is would become full citizens of India and the state will have greater autonomy compared to the other states of India.

*What were the major changes in the political system after the 1967 elections?

1.1967 elections was a major challenge in Indian political system.

2.Congress lost its elections in most of the states and led to the rise of many regional parties.

2.This led to the multi-party system. Many regional parties won elections in different states and thereby formed their own governments.

3.Regional parties grew stronger and joined together to form a coalition government.

4.The Congress lost its elections mainly in TamilNadu and Kerala.

*What do you understand about one party dominance ? Would you consider itas dominance only in elections or also in terms of ideology ? Discuss with reasons.

1.The Congress Party won the first three General Elections in 1952 ,1957 and 1962.

2.The Congress Party won majority seats in many states and formed governments. This meant that Congress not only won elections but was also dominant in their ideologies.

3.It looked like there is one system prevailing in India called the Congress system.

4.People trusted the Congress due to their support in the freedom struggle.This shows tne party dominance

5.The Congress was successful in dealing with many challenges since 1947.The ideals like socialism implemented by it through abolition of privy purses, nationalisation of banks,land legislations proved its dominance in ideology.

6.The party was not monopolistic or autocratic.

7.Members of the party worked to satisfy different interests of different people.This made it to dominate other parties.

*What measures were taken by Nehru to bring in socio economic change during the initial years after independence?

1.Social and economic changes are at the top of the agenda of modern India.

2.The Constituent Assembly had called for social, economic and political justice and equality of status and opportunity; it put social and economic change at the highest priority.

3.The Planning Commission was set up within a month of the inauguration of the new Constitution.

4. Five Year Plans were introduced to achieve progress and development in agriculture and industry.

5.Jawaharlal Nehru felt that development would put an end to discrimination based on caste system,religions,community,etc. also means to develop India as a strong and united nation.

6.The strategy favored by Nehru included three components:

Land reforms,

Agriculture cooperatives and

Local self-government.

7.Local self - government would look into the development of villages through land reforms and cooperatives that benefit the villagers.

8.All should be treated equally irrespective of their caste, religion, gender, status and reservations to be given to the upliftment of the weaker sections of the societ.

*Analyse the advantages and problems faced by the people done to the Multi party system in India.

Advantages :

1.Multiparty system in India gave people a fair choice in electing their representatives.

2.It gives people freedom to express their opinions.

3.It gives the true path of democracy.

4.Multiparty system gives regional parties to rule.

5.There is no chance of the same party to win elections again.People choose changes accordingly.

Problems :

1.Multiparty system led to corruption and inefficient form of government.

2.This led to coalition politics, as there is no single party that wins elections.

3.It leads to political uncertainty and instability as there is no fair representation in elections.

16. THE ELECTION PROCESS IN INDIA

👉CLICK HERE for List of Chief Election Commissioners of India

I. Keywords:

1.Vote: It is an indication of a choice between two or more candidates expressed through a ballot or a show of hands.

2.Code of Conduct: A set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or proper practices issued by an Election commission.

3.EVM: Electronic Voting Machines, sometimes called "EVMs" are using to conduct elections.

4.Constituency: The entire country/state is divided into territorial units to elect the legislators

5.NOTA: NOTA (None Of The Above) is the provision for the voter to cast his vote against all contesting candidates.

II. Improve your learning:

1.The right to vote plays key role in democracy. Discuss.

Elections are essential for any democratic country

1.It gives an opportunity to the people to decide who will make laws for them.

2.Describe the role of Election Commission in India.

1.The Election Commission of India conducts election in our country.

2.The Election Commission of India came into existence on 25th January, 1950.

3.It is an autonomous constitutional body.

4.It prepares electoral rolls and conducts election to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Legislatve Bodies, The President and Vice President.

5.It frames code of conduct to the political parties.

6.To conduct the elections, Electio Commission untilzes the service of central and state government employees [Article 324(6)].

7.It declares the results of the elections and submits it to the central and state governments

3.List out the functions of the Election Commission.(or) Explain the functions of the Election Commission of India.(March 2024)

The functions are classified as:

A) Administrative functions

B) Advisory functions and

C) Quasi judicial functions.

A) Administrative functions:

1.The Election Commission prepares electoral rolls, revises them in due time.

2.It demarcating of constituencies and their

territorial limit.

3.It announces the schedule of elections, receives nominations, scrutinises.

4.It gives recognition to the political parties and allots the symbols.

5.It frames and implements the code of conduct.

6.It appoints the enquiry officers to observe electoral mal practices.

B) Advisory functions: It advises the President and the Governors of the states regarding the

disqualification of the representatives to the Parliament and the state legislatures.

C) Quasi judicial functions: It solves the disputes between parties.

4.Why is model code of conduct required in a democracy?

5.Our responsibility does not end with casting the vote. To protect the democracy, we should always be alert. Justify the statements.

In the democracy people awareness is very important towards the functions of the government

1.If we have political awareness government should be working according to constitution basic rules.

2.Active participation of citizens in democracy is considered as the the vigilant citizens.

3.People should estimate the progress of the elected government and its programs.

4.Our responsibility does not over with casting the vote we have to observe and questions on their activities and programs.

5.As a citizen of India we have informe to the Election commission on the malpractices of political parties during the election time.

6.Have you ever observed malpractices in the elections of your area? Which rule of Code of Conduct was violated?

1.Some parties have given cash to the people to cast their vote to the concerned party only .

CODE OF CONDUCT VIOLATED : No party should bribe the voters with cash.

2. Some parties have dropped the voters in their vehicles. So, that the voters will cast their vote in their favour.

CODE OF CONDUCT VIOLATED: No political party shall drop the voters from the polling stations.

7.Read the paragraph under “Need for election reforms “ and comment.

1.There should be a strict watch on the campaign of the elections, the fund they use, muscle power used to win over the votes, etc.

2.Proper security is required near the polling booths to avoid rigging, etc.

3.Strict action to be taken against those who violate the rules and regulations laid down by the Election Commission no matter how big and old is the party or the ruling party.

4.Small parties and independents should be encouraged through possible means and see that they are not being suppressed by the big parties.

8.Prepare a pamphlet creating awareness about the importance of voting.

III. Short answers:

1.Which elections does the Election Commission of India conduct?

The ECI conducts elections to

1.Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

2.State legislative bodies

3.President and Vice President

2.Classify the functions of the Election Commission.

They are of three types:

1. Administrative functions.

2. Advisory functions.

3. Quasi judicial functions.

*3. What is Universal Adult Franchise?

Every person who is a citizen of India not less than 18 years of age is entitled to vote, without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, region, religion, gender, language, economic status etc. is called Universal Adult Franchise .

4. What is electorate?

The body of voters is called as an electorate.

*Why was it difficult to conduct first General Elections ? (TS June 2024)

1. The first General Elections were difficult because of the social dimensions.

2. A larger section of population did not know how to read and write.

3.Woman did not have any independent identity.

4. Preparing of Electoral roll was also difficult.

5. Thus Election Commission was setup.

6. For each candidate separate ballot box with their symbol stick outside were used to overcome the problem of literacy.

5.How is a political party formed?

It is formed when it has a written code of conduct and registers with the Election Commission.

* What is called political party?

Political Party is a group of people who come together with similar policies, mobilise peoples mandate, and hold power in the government through contesting in election.

6.Write are the differences between the Regional Party and the National party? (March - 2018)

Regional Party:- If a political party wins 3% of valid votes or 3 assembly seats in a state, it is declared as a regional party.

Ex: TRS, TDP.

National party:- If a political party is recognised in 4 States with 6% of valid votes or wins 11 Lok Sabha seats from 4 different states, it is the national party.

Ex: Congress, BJP.

7.What is the use of VVPAT machine?

Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machine is used to get the feed back to whom one has cast vote in the form of a slip.

8.What is the difference between returning officer and a presiding officer?

Returning Officer:- The returning officer who conducts and monitors elections in constituency.

Presiding Officer:- The presiding officer who conducts and monitors elections in a polling station.

9.Who are called Independents in an election?

The candidates other than sponsored by a registered party to contest in an election, are called Independent candidates.

10. What are the differences between the General elections and the med term elections?

General elections:- Elections conducted for every 5 years at national or state level are called general elections.

Ex: Lok Sabha Elections, 2019

Mid-term elections:- The elections held for either assemblies or Parliament before the completion of 5 years tenure, are called Midterm Elections.

Ex: Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018

11.Suggest a few measures for better democracy and ethical governance. (TS March - 2019)

1.Every political party should try to implement the policies laid down in its manifesto.

2.Each party should not be corrupted and work for the welfare of the people.

3.Women to be given importance in elections.

4.Every party must follow the election code of conduct.

5.Every party should have candidates who do not have any criminal background and are impartial.

12.How can you say that right to vote plays a key role in democracy ?

1.In democracy, every citizen has the right to vote. Thus, it gives everyone a voice in a democracy.

2.Right to vote is called 'Universal Adult Franchise' where nobody can be discriminated on the basis of caste, gender, creed, community, colour, and race,etc.

3.People have the right to choose their own representatives.

4.By casting their vote , every citizen has the freedom to express their opinion.

5.It is a constitutional right given to the citizens of India.

13.What will happen, if the option NOTA get highest number of votes?

1.In that case, the candidate who secures second position will be declared win.

2.Because, NOTA is an option only and does not affect either the winning or the loosing capability of the candidates.

14.What is Postal Ballot?

It is the facility given to the polling staff to cast their votes.

15.Create two slogans on the "Importance of voting". (June - 2019)

1.Say yes to vote, Say no to note

2.Cast your vote first, Go to the work next.

3.If you don't vote, you lose the right to complain.

4.Voting is our right, it is our power.

16. Create slogans to prevent malpractices in Elections.

1. Cast your vote - defeat corrupt people.

2. Vote for note - fate your future.

3. Hate gifts - love future

4. Vote for change - not for corruption.

5. Want to live better? Choose your leaders wisely.

17.What did the election commission of India do for the illiterate to cast their vote. (June - 2019)

The election commission of India came up with a novel idea of having symbols from everyday life to the present political parties and candidates

*Write two slogans to prevent malpractices in Elections.

Slogans-

1. Cast your vote - defeat corrupt people.

2. Vote for note - fate your future.

3. Hate gifts - love future

4. Vote for change - not for corruption.

18.Mention any two recommendations of T.N. Seshan about Elections.

1.Fourteen day’s time limit for campaigning after the date of withdrawal of nominations

2.One candidate should not contest from more than two constituencies at a time.

19.Mention any two key points of Model Code of Conduct.

1.No political announcements targeting a caste or religion shall be made.

2.No candidate shall influence the voters either by giving cash or any articles.

20.What do you mean electoral roll?

The list of registered voters is called electoral roll.

21.What is the difference between the Returning officer and Presiding officer?

1.An officer is appointed to conduct and monitor elections in every constituency, He/she is called as the “Returning Officer”

2.An officer appointed to conduct polls in every polling booth is called "Presiding officer".

22.What are the consequences of frequent violation of election code of conduct by political parties at present? (April 2023)

1. Mockery of democracy.

2. Righteous representatives may not be elected.

3. Public representatives may lose their position if the allegations are proven.

4. Common people may have declined from voting.

*Ruling party at the time of elections

There is a chance to the ruling party to influence the voters by misusing the power. In order to check this, the Election Commission has laid down some rules and regulations.

They are:

1.The ruling party leaders shall not misuse the power, they should not use bureaucracy for party related works.

2.Their official visits and party related visits shall not be mingled.

3.They should not use government vehicles for campaigning.

4.If more than three security vehicles are used in campaigning, it should be shown in poll expenditure.

5.Model code of conduct will come into force after the dates of election schedule is announced.

6.The public properties like government buildings, offices, places shall not be used for campaigning by any party.

7.No advertisements of the government schemes shall be given either in print media or in electronic media.

8.Before giving announcements on TV, the political parties shall obtain permission of the Election Commission.

9.After the election notification is issued, the ruling government shall not release any grants, make payments and announce any new schemes. They should not start any new projects or give any kind of promise.

*Why is model code of conduct required in a democracy? (Or) Explain the key points of Code of Conduct in Elections. (TS June 2024)

The contesting candidates shall abide by certain rules and regulations of the Election Commission.

1.The contesting candidates shall not make any statements pertaining to caste, creed, religion, or regional etc.

2.No personal comments shall be made that are not relevant to political life.

3.No political announcements targeting a caste or religion shall be made.

4.No candidate should canvas/ campaign in places, like churches, mosques, temples, other holy places, schools etc.

5.No candidates shall influence the voters either by giving cash or any articles.

6.No voter shall be used to cast his/her vote in other’s identity.

7.No campaigning within 100 mtrs on the day of polling.

8.There should be no campaigning after or before the permitted hours.

9.No political party shall either get voters to the polling station or drop the voters from the polling station.

10.Every one has the right to lead a peaceful life. Taking out rallies in the residential areas and picketing is against the rules.

11.Hosting party flags, tying banners and writing on the walls, pasting posters on the houses are not allowed without permission.

*On the day of Polling

1.The polling personnel shall make all the arrangements to the voters to cast their vote in a democratic and peaceful atmosphere.

2.Leaders of all political parties shall cooperate the polling staff to discharge their duties.

3.The polling agents sitting in the polling booths shall be issued identify cards. The names or the party symbol shall not be on these cards.

4.The campaigning should end before 48 hours of polling day. SMS’s also prohibited, alcohol shall not be distributed.

5.Neither the contesting candidate nor the supporters shall gather in large number near the polling booths.

6.There shall not be any posters, flags, symbols and election material in the camps. Any kind food shall not be kept in the camps.

Pages

7. SETTLEMENTS AND MIGRATION

20. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN OUR TIMES

17. INDEPENDENT INDIA (THE FIRST THIRTY YEARS (1947 - 77)

16. THE ELECTION PROCESS IN INDIA

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