1.INDIA RELIEF FEATURES


I.Key Words:
1. Perennial river:  The River which flows continuously throughout the year.
2. Coral reefs: Submerged ridges in the sea water formed by a heavy accumulations of the skeletons of coral, sea weed organisms called coral reefs.
3. Coastal plains: The southern part of the peninsular plateau is bordered by narrow coastal strips along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.
4. Peninsula: A land which is surrounded by water on three sides and connected with land on fourth side.
5. Laurasia: It was gaint landmas namely Angara land (Laurasia)
6. Dun: A narrow longitudinal bottomed strike valley is called Sun.
6. Angara land:  The part of Pangaea that consists of present North America, Greenland, Europe and Asia.
7. Gondwana land: The part of Pangaea that consists of present present South America, Africa, Madagascar, Malaysia, Australia and Antarctica.
8. Shivalik: The southern most parallel range of Himalayas also known as outer Himalayas.
9. Purvanchal: The Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh beyond the Dihang valley, take hair pin bend to the south. These divisions are known as ‘Purvanchal’.


II.Improve Your Learning:
1.The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west. But the clocks show the same time. How does this happen?
A 
1.The longitudinal distance is 30° between the Arunachal Pradesh on the east and Gujarat in the West.
2.One time zone is constitute 15° longitude in all distance.
3.As per longitudinal distance in India there are two time zones.
4.The sun rises in Arunachal Pradesh 2 hours earlier than that of Gujarat.
5.If in Arunachal Pradesh the time is 6:00 a.m. then in the Gujarat it is 4 a.m.
6.To avoid time difference 82° 30' East longitude is taken as Indian standard meridian, called Indian Standard Time (IST).
7.Hence the clocks are shows the same time irrespective of sunrise and sunset.

2.If the Himalayas weren’t situated where they are now, how would the climatic conditions of the Indian sub continent be?
(Or)
What are the importance of Himalayas?
A.
Influence of the Himalayas on the climate of India
1.The formation of the Himalayas influences India’s climate.
2.These act as barriers protecting the great plains from the cold winds of central Asia during severe winter.
3.The Himalayas are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate.
4.If Himalayas are absence, this India would have remained drier.
5.The Himalayan Rivers have a perennial flow since these are fed by the glaciers.
6.The rivers originated from the Himalayas bring a lot of silt, making plains very fertile.

3.Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the peninsular plateau. (T.Q) AS¹
A. 
They are 6 physiologic divisions:
1.The Himalayas.
2.The Indo-Gangetic Plain.
3.The Peninsular Plateau.
4.The Coastal plains.
5.The Desert.
6.The Islands.
Himalayan Region:
1.The Himalayas are run in the west to east direction in the form of an arch.
2.The Himalayan Region consists of three parallel ranges namely, the greater Himalayas or Himadri, the lesser Himalayas and the Shivaliks. Ex : Everest, Kanchenjunga.
3.These are formed of the sedimentary rocks. 
4.The rivers originated from the glaciers are the Perennial rivers. 
5.Minerals are very less in this region. 
6.Important hill stations like - Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Nainital are found on the Himalayas.
Peninsular Region:
1.The topography of the plateau is slightly tilted towards east.
2.The Peninsular Plateau consists of two broad divisions namely the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. Ex: Anaimudi, Dodabetta.
3.The plateau region is mainly composed of the old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic rock.
4.The rivers in this region are non perennial.
5.Large amount of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources are found in the plateau.
6.Udagamandalam a hill station is found in these hills.

4.What is the influence of Himalayas on Indian Agriculture? (T.Q) AS¹
A.
1.The Indian plains receives rainfall during summer due to the Himalayas.
2.Himalayas are responsible for the monsoon type of climate in the country.
3.The rivers such as Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra have a perennial flow which are started from Himalayan glaciers.
4.The fertile soils of northern plains formed by the deposition of alluvium brought the Himalayan rivers
5.These fertile soils helps in the production of abundant crops with the continuous supply of water.
6.Without these Himalayas India would have been left as a tropical desert.
7.The climate is very much influenced by the Himalayas.
8.The south west monsoon winds are caused due to the obstruction by these ranges.
9.The north-east monsoon is also caused by Himalayas only.
Thus, the Himalayas greatly influenced the Indian agriculture in varied ways.

5.Indo - Gangetic plains have high density of population. Find the reasons. (T.Q) AS¹
A.
1.The Northern plains of India are formed by the three Himalayan rivers Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra and with their tributaries.
2.These plains are flat and irrigation through canals worked out very well.
3.These plains extremely fertile which in turn led to prosperous farming.
4.The rivers in plains are very useful in many ways such as for drinking water, trade, commerce and internal navigation, etc.
5.Apart from all these benefits the plains we also have rich ground water resources, transport facilities and established industries.

8.How are the Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains similar or different ? (T.Q) AS¹
A.
East coastal plain: 
1.This plain located between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
2.Stretching from Mahanadi delta in Odisha to Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu.
3.The surface structure of this plain is wider and even.
4.Here deltas of Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari etc. present.
5.The three parts of these plains are
     a. Utkal coast (Odisha)
     b. Circar coast (AndhraPradesh)
     c. Coramandal coast (Tamil Nadu)
6.This plain support agriculture.
7.The lakes such as Chilka, Kolleru and Pulicat are formed here.
West coastal plain:
1.These plains are located between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
2.Stretching from Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari
3.The surface of these plains is narrower and un-even.
4.These plains do not have any deltas.
5.The three parts of these plains are
  a) Konkan coast (Maharashtra and Goa)
  b) Canara coast (Karnataka)
  c) Malabar coast (Kerala)
6.The plain less support to agriculture as compared to the eastern coastal plain.
7.No lakes are formed, but lagoons are present in Kerala.

9.Plateau regions in India do not support agriculture as much as the plain regions-what are the reasons for this? (T.Q) AS¹
A.
1.The plateau regions in India composes of the old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic rocks, whereas plains composed of fertile alluvial soils.
2.The plateau surfaces are uneven whereas the plains have gentle surface and are very much suitable for cultivation.
3.The plateau consists of large amounts of metallic and non-metallic mineral whereas plains do not consist of much minerals.
4.The rivers of plateau are non - perennial whereas the rivers of plains are perennial and are conducive to agriculture.
5.However some crops are grown in plateau but for the second crop they need to depend on tube wells and tanks.
6.Hence, the plateau regions in India do not get any support for agriculture as that of plains.

11."Himalayas play a vital role in India's development", comment. (T.Q.)AS²
A.
1.The Himalayas are causing for summer rainfall in the plains and a monsoon type of climate.
2.The Rivers Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra originating in the Himalayas resulted in the perennial flow and had a great significance on economic development.
3.The alluvial beds of both older and newer of the plains are very fertile and are productive agriculture in the plains.
4.Most of the wheat and rice in India are grown here.
5.Indias most important crops grown here.
6.Thus the Himalayas had a great influence on Indian agriculture and economy. 

👉 Click Here to Test Yourself (Choose the correct Answers)

Map-1
1) Malwa Plateau 2) Deccan Plateau
3) Tropic of Cancer 4) Kanchenjunga
5) Mt. Everest 6) Anaimudi
7) Western Ghats 8) Indo- Gangatic Plain





Map-2 
1) Lakshadweep Islands 2) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3) Aravalis 4) Vindhya 5) The Great India Desert 6) Kanyakumari 7) Indira Point 8) Indian Standard Meridian (ISM) 

👉Click Here to Test Yourself Choose the Correct Answers


III. Additional and Short Answers:

Short Answers:

1.Why India is known as ‘Sub continent’

A:   Sub Continent:

1. Although it is not as large as a continent, it has the characteristics of a continent is called a sub-continent.

2. Having vast area of 3.28 million square kilometres, approximately 2.4% of the Earth’s total land area.

3. India is the seventh largest country in the world, vast diversity in climatic conditions, variety of vegetation, life forms along with advantages for growing many kinds of crops.

4. India has a rich historical heritage, with distinct languages, religions, and traditions and customs.

2.How is the name India derived?

A:  Name India derived:

a. The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, in the ancient days people who settled around the Indus valley are called 'Indoi'.

b. Another name of the land 'Bharath' in the name of Bharatha the ruler of this land.The Arabians are called this land as Hindustan.

3.What is the location of India?

A:  Location of India:

1. India lies in the northern hemisphere and towards south of Asian continent.

2. The country's main land lies between 8°4' north, and 37°6'North latitudes and 68°7' east to 97°25' East longitudes.

4. What are the use of latitudes and longitudes?

A:  Uses of Latitudes and Longitudes:

1. The lines of latitude and longitude are used for accurately specifying location of any place or region.

2. They are useful to know how hot and cold of the place.

3. The place of direction and time of the regions.

5. What latitude is passes through the middle of India?

A:  Tropic of Cancer (23½° North Latitude) passes through the middle of India.

6. How do we often use the term “Indian peninsula”?

A.   Indian peninsula:

1. A Peninsula is any landmass which is surrounded by the water on three sides and land on one side.

2. India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.

7.  If the Himalayas would have not been in its present position how would be the climatic conditions of the Indian sub-continent?

A:   1. The Himalayas protect India from the cold winds of Central Asia during winter.

2. The Himalayas are responsible for causing rainfall.

3. Himalayas are the birth places of the great perennial rivers, Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.

4. No tropical monsoon climate in India.

5. They intercept the summer monsoons coming from the ocean.

6. Without Himalayas India would have been a desert.

8.  What are the features of Peninsular Plateau?

A.  Features of Peninsular Plateau:

1. The Peninsular plateau that was formed with old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. Large amounts of metallic and non-metallic

minerals are found.

3. The topography of the plateau is slightly tilted towards east.

4. The high lands to the north of peninsular plateau are called as Malwa plateau.

5. The portion laying to the south of Narmada, a triangular landmass, is called the Deccan plateau.

9.What are the differences between Indian Standard time (IST) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)?

A:  Differences between (IST) and (GMT)

Indian Standard Time:

Greenwich Meridian Time:

1. For calculating IST, 82°30' E longitude is taken as Standard Meridian.

For calculating GMT 0° longitude is taken is standard Meridian

2. This is passes near Allahabad.

This is passes through Greenwich in London.

3. IST is followed a standard time all over India.

GMT is used to identify different time zones across the world.

 

10.Classify the major relief features of India? (OR)

Mention the major relief divisions of Indian landmass (March 2015)

A:  India is classified into 6 major relief features.

They are:

1. The Himalayas.       2. Indo - Gangetic plains.

3. Peninsular plateau   4.The coastal plains.

5. The Desert                     6.The Islands.

11.What are the parallel ranges in the Himalayas?

A:  1. The Himadri / Greater Himalayas.

2. The Himachal /Middle Himalayas/ Lesser Himalayas.

3. The Shivalik Range / Outer Himalayas

12.What are the sources of perennial rivers?

A:  The seasonal cycles of accumulation of ice, movement and melting of glaciers are the sources of the perennial rivers.

13.Give some examples of hill-stations in the Himalayas? (March-2016)

A:  Hill stations in the Himalayas:

1.Shimla in Himachal Pradesh.

2.Darjeeling in Wes Bengal.

3.Mussuori in Uttarakhand

4.Nainital in Uttarakhand.

5.Ranikhet in Uttarakhand.

14.Give some examples of valleys in Lesser Himalayas.

A:  1. Kashmir valley.

2. Kulu valley.       

3. Kangra valley.

15.What are the different names of the hills in Shivalik Range?

A:  1. Jammu Hills in Jammu and Kashmir.

2. Mishmi hills in Arunachal Pradesh.

3. Cachar Hills in Assom.

16.What are called Duns? Give examples.

A:   Duns: The valleys lying between the Lesser

Himalayas and theShivalik ranges are called Duns.

Ex: Dehradun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun.

17.What are called Purvanchal?

A:   Purvanchal:

1. The Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh beyond the Dihang valley, take hair pin bend to the south.

2. They act as the eastern boundary of India run through thenorth-eastern states.

3. These divisions are known as ‘Purvanchal’.

18.Name the hills of Purvanchal.

A.   Regionally, the Purvanchal are known as

1.Patkai hills in Assom,

2.Naga hills in Nagaland,

3.Manipuri hills in Manipur,

4.Mizo hills in Mizoram

5.Khasi in Meghalaya.

19.   Name the coastal states of India.

A:  There are 9 coastal states in India:

They are:

1) Gujarat,            2) Maharashtra,

3) Goa,                 4) Karnataka,       

5) Kerala,             6) Tamil Nadu, 

7) Andhra Pradesh,         8) Odisha and

9) West Bengal

20.What are parts of the Indo - Gangetic plains? (OR) What is Indo-Gangaticplain? Classify and explain it? (March-2026)

A:  The Himalayan Perennial Rivers, the Ganga, the Indus and the Bhrahmaputraand their tributaries formed great northern plains. It was a shallow basin that was gradually filled with varied alluvial soils brought by the Himalayan Rivers.

The plain classify into three parts based on the formation and location:

1) Western Part: Formed by Indus and its tributaries - the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej. Most of the Indus river basin is located in Pakistan leaving minor portion of Punjab and Haryana plains in India.

2) Central Part: The central part is known as the Ganga plain formed by Ganga and its tributaries- Yamuna, Kosi, Sone etc. This part is mainly spread in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and partly in Haryana, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

3) Eastern Part: The River Brahmaputra is mainly responsible. This is mostly situated in Assam state.

21.What is called Doab?

A:  The term Doab refers fertile land between two rivers. In India, it is most commonly used for the region between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.

22.What are the tributaries of the Indus?

A:  The five tributaries of the Indus are:

1. Jhelum.        2. Chenab.        3. Ravi.

4. Beas.          5. Sutlej.

23.What are the states covered in the Ganga plain?

A:  This part is mainly spread in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Biharand partly in Haryana, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

24.What are differences between Bhabar and Terai?

A.   Differences between Bhabar and Terai:

         Bhabar

        Terai

1. The porous gravel and pebble sediments caused by the Himalayan rivers is called Bhabar.

1. The swampy and marshy region formed by small rivers and streams is called Terai.

2. This is situated at the foot hills of Shivalik.

2. This is situated to the south of the Bhabar.

3.The width is varies 8 km to 16 km.

3. Here dense forest and animals are present.

4. This region is not much suitable for agriculture

4. Most parts of the terai area suitable for agriculture

 

25.What are the divisions of Peninsular Plateau?

A:  There two broad divisions are:

1. Central Highlands (Malwa plateau): This is situated between south of the Gangetic plains and north of the river Narmada, you canidentify central highlands.

2. Deccan Plateau: This is a triangular landmass situated to the south of Narmada, a triangular landmass. Satpura range forms northedge.Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Nilgiris form western, eastern and southern boundaries respectively.

26.   Telangana lies between_____ and____N latitudes and _____ and_____ E longitudes.

A: Telangana lies between 15°55' and 19°56' and North Latitudes and 77°15' and 80°46' East longitudes.

27.Identify Indira point on the Atlas.what is special about this? (OR)

Where is Indira Point located? What is its importance.

A:  1. The South most tip of India found in Great Nicobar Island is called Indira point.

2. It was named in honour of Smt.Indira Gandhi.

3. It was submerged during the 2004 Tsunami.

28.What are the boundaries of the Peninsular Plateau?

A:  1. The Ganga plain on the north.

2. The Western Ghats on the west.

3. The Eastern Ghats on the east.

4. The Kanyakumari on the south.

29.What are the boundaries of Deccan Plateau?

A:   1.The Satpura Range on the north.

2. The Nilgiris on the south.

3. The Western Ghats on the west.

4. The Eastern Ghats on the east.

30.What is the location of Thar Desert?

A:   Location of Thar Desert:

1. It is located on leeward of Aravali ranges.

2. It occupies much of western Rajasthan.

3. It receives very little rainfall, ranging from100 to 150mm peryear.

4. The desert consists of anUndulating sandy plain and rocky outcrops.

5. It has an arid climate with very lowvegetation cover.

6.‘Luni’ is the only river flowing in this area.

31.Read the following paragraph and comment.

A:  Introduction:

1. The above paragraph is describing the Thar Desert which is situated in western Rajasthan. The Thar Desert spread in Sindh State of Pakistan also.

Comment:

1. Thar desert is located on the leeward side of Aravalli. It has arid climate, receives very littlerainfall, ranging from 100 to 150 mm only.

2) The surface is covered with rock and sand.

3) The vegetation is very low. Streams appear during rainfall andsoon disappear.

4) There is only one river Luni is flowing, but unable to reach to sea.

Conclusion:

1. In this desert Indira Gandhi canal is flowing and watering to some of itsparts. Even in this harsh climatic condition some people are living.

2. The government must provide basic amenities like water and transportation in the Thar Desert.

32.What is an internal drainage river? Give an example.

A.  The river that fills into a lake and do not reach the sea is called an internal drainage river.

Ex: The Luni.

33.How are the Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains similar or different? (T.Q) (June- 2017)

A:  Similarities:

1. They both are the physical features of India.

2. They are parallel to the coasts

3. They both are situated in the southern part of India.

Differences:

East coastal plain:

West coastal plain:

1. This plain located between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal

1. These plains are located between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.

2. Stretching from Mahanadi delta to Cauvery delta.

2. Stretching from Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari

3. The surface structure of this plain is wider and even.

3. The surface of these plains is narrower and un-even.

4. Here deltas of Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari etc. present.

4. These plains do not have any deltas.

5. The three parts of these plains are:

a. Utkal coast (Odisha)

b. Circar coast (Andhra Pradesh)

c. Coramandal coast (Tamilnadu)

5. The three parts of these plains are

a) Konkan coast (Maharashtra and Goa

b) Canara coast (Karnataka)

c) Malabar coast (Kerala)

6. This plain support to High agriculture.

6. The plain less support to agriculture.

7. The lakes such as Chilka, Kolleru and Pulicat are formed here.

7. Lagoons and back waters are present in Kerala.

8. This plain comparatively receives less rainfall.

8. This plain is receives more rainfall.

 

34.How is the Western coast of India divided?

A;  1. Konkan Coast in Maharashtra and Goa.

2. Canara Coast in Karnataka.

3. Malabar Coast in Kerala.

35.How is the Eastern Coast of India divided?

A:   1. Utkal coast in Odisha.

2. Circar Coast in Andhra Pradesh.

3. Coromandel Coast in Tamil Nadu.

36.Give examples for some lakes located in the eastern coast of India?

A.  1. Chilka lake in Orissa.

2. Kolleru lake in Andhra Pradesh.

3. Pulicat lake in Andhra Pradesh.

37.What are the differences between the islands located inArabian sea and Bay of Bengal? (March-2018, Aug-2022)

A: Differences

Islands located in Arabian sea

Islands located in Bay of Bengal

1. They are called Lakshadweep

1. They are called Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

2.Lakshadweep Islands are of coral origin

2. They are formed due to volcanic eruption.

3. The total geographical area is 32 sq.kms,

3. The total geographical area of 8,250sq km.

4. They consist of 36 islands.

4. They consist of roughly 572 islands.

5. This group of islands is famous for a great variety of flora and fauna

5. Narkondam and Barren islands are present.

6. Kavaratti is the capital.

6. Port Blair is the capital.

 

38.   What are the differences between the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats? (OR)

Differentiate Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats (June-2018) (OR)

Mention any two differences between the Western and Eastern Ghats (June-2019)

A:  Difference between Western Ghats & Eastern Ghats

Western Ghats:

Eastern Ghats:

1. They are parallel to the West Coast of Arabian sea

1. They are parallel to the East Coast of Bay of Bengal.

2. They continuous with a few passes as the gateways to the coastal plains.

2. However, the Eastern Ghats are not continuous.

3. They stretch from khandesh in Maharashtra to Kanyakumari.

3. They extend from Mahanadi valley in the north to Nilgiris in the south.

4. They are stronger and higher.

4. They are less strong and less high.

5. They rise to over a height of about 2000 mts.

5. The average height of the Eastern Ghats rarely exceeds 900 mts

6. Many rivers originated.

6. No rivers originated.

7. These are included the Palani (Tamilnadu), Annamalai and Cardamom (Kerala) hills.

7. These are included Nallamalas, Velikondas, Palakondas and Seshachala hills

8.The highest peak is Anaimudi.

8. The highest peak is Aroma Konda.

 

39.Name the important peaks in the Himalayas

A.  1. Mount Everest   - 8,848 mts

2. K² peak                - 8,611 mts

3. Kanchanajanga        - 8,586 mts

4. Lhotse                  - 8,516 mts

5. Makalu                      - 8,462 mts

6. Cho Oyu          - 8,201 mts

7. Dhaulagiri                 - 8,167 mts

8. Manaslu           - 8,156 mts

9. Nanga Prabhat        - 8,126 mts

10. Annapurna         - 8,091 mts

40. What is the time in India when it is 8 am in London? (June-2019)

A.  Indian Standard time (IST) is decided on the basis of 82°30’ East longitude, wich is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Landon time (Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)).

Therefore, when it is 8:00 AM in Landon, the time in India is 1:30 PM.

41.   Classify the Himalayas and Explain. (April-2023)

A.  Classification of Himalayas:

a) Himadri/ Greater Himalayas

b) Himachal /Lower Himalayas/Middle Himalayas

c) Shivaliks / Outer Himalayas

A) Himadri:

* This is northern most range of Himalayas.

* This range is the most continuous consisting of world’s highest peaks.

* An average elevation of about 6100 mts above Mean Sea Level (MSL).

* This range composed of snow and ice cover.

B) Himachal:

* This range is located to the south of Himadri.

* This has the most rugged relief.

* The height ranges from 3,700 to 4,500 mts.

* This consists of the famous valley and hill

stations.

C) Shivaliks:

* This range formed in the last stage of formation of Himalaya.

* The altitude of Shiwaliks varies from 600 to 1500 meters.

* Duns and Duars are found.


IV. A) Mark the following locations on the given India map
1. Aravali mountain's
2. Chota Nagpur plateau.
3. K² peak
4. Thar Desert.
5. Luni River
6. Palk Strait.
7. Kulu valley
8. Karakorum Range.
9. Annaimudi peak
10. Great Nicobar (Indira Point)

B) Mark the following locations on the given India map.
1. Rann of Kutch.
2. Gujarat coast.
3. Konkan coast.
4. Canara coast.
5. Malabar coast.
6. Coramandal coast.
7. Circar coast.
8. Bengal coast.

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