I.Key Words:
1. Perennial river: The River which flows continuously throughout the year.
2. Coral reefs: Submerged ridges in the sea water formed by a heavy accumulations of the skeletons of coral, sea weed organisms called coral reefs.
3. Coastal plains: The southern part of the peninsular plateau is bordered by narrow coastal strips along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.
4. Peninsula: A land which is surrounded by water on three sides and connected with land on fourth side.
5. Laurasia: It was gaint landmas namely Angara land (Laurasia)
6. Dun: A narrow longitudinal bottomed strike valley is called Sun.
6. Angara land: The part of Pangaea that consists of present North America, Greenland, Europe and Asia.
7. Gondwana land: The part of Pangaea that consists of present present South America, Africa, Madagascar, Malaysia, Australia and Antarctica.
8. Shivalik: The southern most parallel range of Himalayas also known as outer Himalayas.
9. Purvanchal: The Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh beyond the Dihang valley, take hair pin bend to the south. These divisions are known as ‘Purvanchal’.
II.Improve Your Learning:
1.The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west. But the clocks show the same time. How does this happen?
A
1.The longitudinal distance is 30° between the Arunachal Pradesh on the east and Gujarat in the West.
2.One time zone is constitute 15° longitude in all distance.
3.As per longitudinal distance in India there are two time zones.
4.The sun rises in Arunachal Pradesh 2 hours earlier than that of Gujarat.
5.If in Arunachal Pradesh the time is 6:00 a.m. then in the Gujarat it is 4 a.m.
6.To avoid time difference 82° 30' East longitude is taken as Indian standard meridian, called Indian Standard Time (IST).
7.Hence the clocks are shows the same time irrespective of sunrise and sunset.
2.If the Himalayas weren’t situated where they are now, how would the climatic conditions of the Indian sub continent be?
(Or)
What are the importance of Himalayas?
A.
Influence of the Himalayas on the climate of India
1.The formation of the Himalayas influences India’s climate.
2.These act as barriers protecting the great plains from the cold winds of central Asia during severe winter.
3.The Himalayas are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate.
4.If Himalayas are absence, this India would have remained drier.
5.The Himalayan Rivers have a perennial flow since these are fed by the glaciers.
6.The rivers originated from the Himalayas bring a lot of silt, making plains very fertile.
3.Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the peninsular plateau. (T.Q) AS¹
A.
They are 6 physiologic divisions:
1.The Himalayas.
2.The Indo-Gangetic Plain.
3.The Peninsular Plateau.
4.The Coastal plains.
5.The Desert.
6.The Islands.
Himalayan Region:
1.The Himalayas are run in the west to east direction in the form of an arch.
2.The Himalayan Region consists of three parallel ranges namely, the greater Himalayas or Himadri, the lesser Himalayas and the Shivaliks. Ex : Everest, Kanchenjunga.
3.These are formed of the sedimentary rocks.
4.The rivers originated from the glaciers are the Perennial rivers.
5.Minerals are very less in this region.
6.Important hill stations like - Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Nainital are found on the Himalayas.
Peninsular Region:
1.The topography of the plateau is slightly tilted towards east.
2.The Peninsular Plateau consists of two broad divisions namely the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau. Ex: Anaimudi, Dodabetta.
3.The plateau region is mainly composed of the old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic rock.
4.The rivers in this region are non perennial.
5.Large amount of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources are found in the plateau.
6.Udagamandalam a hill station is found in these hills.
4.What is the influence of Himalayas on Indian Agriculture? (T.Q) AS¹
A.
1.The Indian plains receives rainfall during summer due to the Himalayas.
2.Himalayas are responsible for the monsoon type of climate in the country.
3.The rivers such as Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra have a perennial flow which are started from Himalayan glaciers.
4.The fertile soils of northern plains formed by the deposition of alluvium brought the Himalayan rivers
5.These fertile soils helps in the production of abundant crops with the continuous supply of water.
6.Without these Himalayas India would have been left as a tropical desert.
7.The climate is very much influenced by the Himalayas.
8.The south west monsoon winds are caused due to the obstruction by these ranges.
9.The north-east monsoon is also caused by Himalayas only.
Thus, the Himalayas greatly influenced the Indian agriculture in varied ways.
5.Indo - Gangetic plains have high density of population. Find the reasons. (T.Q) AS¹
A.
1.The Northern plains of India are formed by the three Himalayan rivers Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra and with their tributaries.
2.These plains are flat and irrigation through canals worked out very well.
3.These plains extremely fertile which in turn led to prosperous farming.
4.The rivers in plains are very useful in many ways such as for drinking water, trade, commerce and internal navigation, etc.
5.Apart from all these benefits the plains we also have rich ground water resources, transport facilities and established industries.
8.How are the Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains similar or different ? (T.Q) AS¹
A.
East coastal plain:
1.This plain located between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
2.Stretching from Mahanadi delta in Odisha to Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu.
3.The surface structure of this plain is wider and even.
4.Here deltas of Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari etc. present.
5.The three parts of these plains are
a. Utkal coast (Odisha)
b. Circar coast (AndhraPradesh)
c. Coramandal coast (Tamil Nadu)
6.This plain support agriculture.
7.The lakes such as Chilka, Kolleru and Pulicat are formed here.
West coastal plain:
1.These plains are located between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
2.Stretching from Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari
3.The surface of these plains is narrower and un-even.
4.These plains do not have any deltas.
5.The three parts of these plains are
a) Konkan coast (Maharashtra and Goa)
b) Canara coast (Karnataka)
c) Malabar coast (Kerala)
6.The plain less support to agriculture as compared to the eastern coastal plain.
7.No lakes are formed, but lagoons are present in Kerala.
9.Plateau regions in India do not support agriculture as much as the plain regions-what are the reasons for this? (T.Q) AS¹
A.
1.The plateau regions in India composes of the old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic rocks, whereas plains composed of fertile alluvial soils.
2.The plateau surfaces are uneven whereas the plains have gentle surface and are very much suitable for cultivation.
3.The plateau consists of large amounts of metallic and non-metallic mineral whereas plains do not consist of much minerals.
4.The rivers of plateau are non - perennial whereas the rivers of plains are perennial and are conducive to agriculture.
5.However some crops are grown in plateau but for the second crop they need to depend on tube wells and tanks.
6.Hence, the plateau regions in India do not get any support for agriculture as that of plains.
11."Himalayas play a vital role in India's development", comment. (T.Q.)AS²
A.
1.The Himalayas are causing for summer rainfall in the plains and a monsoon type of climate.
2.The Rivers Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra originating in the Himalayas resulted in the perennial flow and had a great significance on economic development.
3.The alluvial beds of both older and newer of the plains are very fertile and are productive agriculture in the plains.
4.Most of the wheat and rice in India are grown here.
5.Indias most important crops grown here.
6.Thus the Himalayas had a great influence on Indian agriculture and economy.
Map-1
1) Malwa Plateau 2) Deccan Plateau
3) Tropic of Cancer 4) Kanchenjunga
5) Mt. Everest 6) Anaimudi
7) Western Ghats 8) Indo- Gangatic Plain
Map-2
1) Lakshadweep Islands 2) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3) Aravalis 4) Vindhya 5) The Great India Desert 6) Kanyakumari 7) Indira Point 8) Indian Standard Meridian (ISM)
III. Additional and Short Answers:
1.How is the name India derived?
A.
1.The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, in the ancient days people who settled around the Indus valleys are called 'Indoi'.
2.Another name of the land 'Bharath' in the name of Bharatha the ruler of this land.
3.The Arabians are called this land Hindustan.
2.What is the location of India?
A.
1.India lies in the northern hemisphere and towards south of Asian continent.
2.The country's main land lies between 8°4' North, and 37°6' North latitudes and 68°7' East to 97°25' East longitudes.
2.What are the use of latitudes and longitudes?
A.
The lines of latitude and longitude are used for accurately specifying location of any place or region.
3.What latitude is passes through the middle of India?
A.
Tropic of Cancer (23½° North Latitude) passes through the middle of India.
4.How do we often use the term “Indian peninsula”?
A.
1.A Peninsula is any landmass which is surrounded by water on three sides and land on one side.
2.India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.
5.What are the differences between Indian Standard time (IST) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)?
A.
Indian Standard Time:
1.For calculating IST, 82°30' E longitude is taken as Standard Meridian which passes near Allahabad.
2.IST is followed a standard time all over India.
Greenwich Meridian Time:
1.For calculating GMT 0° longitude is taken is standard Meridian which passes through Greenwich in London.
2.GMT is used to identify different time zones across the world.
6.Classify the major relief features of India?
A.
India is classified into six major relief features.
They are:
1.The Himalayas.
2.Indo - Gangetic plains.
3.Peninsular plateau.
4.The coastal plains.
5.The Desert.
6.The Islands.
7.What are the parallel ranges in the Himalayas?
A.
1.The Himadri / Greater Himalayas.
2.The Himachal /Middle Himalayas/ Lesser Himalayas.
3.The Shivalik Range / Outer Himalayas.
8.What are the sources of perennial rivers?
A.
The seasonal cycles of accumulation of ice, movement and melting of glaciers are the sources of the perennial rivers.
9.Give some examples of hill-stations in the Himalayas?
A.
Hill stations in the Himalayas:
1.Shimla in Himachal Pradesh.
2.Darjeeling in Wes Bengal.
3.Mussuori in Uttarakhand.
4.Nainital in Uttarakhand.
5.Ranikhet in Uttarakhand.
11.Give some examples of valleys in Lesser Himalayas.
A.
1.Kashmir valley.
2.Kulu valley.
3.Kangra valley.
12.What are the different names of the hills in Shivalik Range?
A.
1.Jammu Hills in Jammu and Kashmir.
2.Mishmi hills in Arunachal Pradesh.
3.Cachar Hills in Assom.
13.What are called Duns? Give examples.
A.
The valleys lying between the Lesser Himalayas and the Shivalik ranges are called Duns.
Ex: Dehradun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun.
14.What are called purvanchal?
A.
1.The Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh beyond the Dihang valley, take hair pin bend to the south
2.They act as the eastern boundary of India run through the north eastern states.
3.These divisions are known as ‘Purvanchal’.
15.Name the hills of purvanchal.
A.
Regionally, the Purvanchal are known as
1.Patkai hills in Assom,
2.Naga hills in Nagaland,
3.Manipuri hills in Manipur,
4.Mizo hills in Mizoram and
5.Khasi in Meghalaya.
16.Name the coastal states of India.
A.
There are 9 coastal states in India:
They are:
1) Gujarat, 2) Maharashtra, 3) Goa, 4) Karnataka, 5) Kerala, 6) Tamil Nadu, 7) Andhra Pradesh, 8) Odisha and 9) West Bengal.
17.What are parts of the Indo - Gangetic plains?
A.
They are divided into three parts:
1.Western part formed by the Indus river.
2.Central part formed by the Ganga river.
3.Eastern part formed by the Brahmaputra river.
18.What is called Doab?
A.
The fertile land between two rivers is called a Doab.
19.What are the tributaries of the Indus?
A.
The five tributaries of the Indus are:
1.Jhelum.
2.Chenab.
3.Ravi.
4.Beas.
5.Sutlej.
19.Name the tributaries of Ganga river.
A.
Yamuna, Sone and Kosi etc.,
20.What are the states covered in the Ganga plain?
A.
This part is mainly spread in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and partly in Haryana, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
21.What are differences between Bhabar and Terai ?
A.
Bhabar:
1.The porous gravel and pebble sediments caused by the Himalayan rivers is called Bhabar.
2.This is situated at the foot hills of Shivalik.
3.The width is varies 8 km to 16 km.
Terai:
1.The swampy and marshy region formed by small rivers and streams is called Terai.
2.This is situated to the south of the Bhabar.
3.Here dense forest and animals are present.
22.What are the divisions of Peninsular Plateau?
A.
The two broad divisions are:
1.Central Highlands (Malwa plateau).
2.Deccan Plateau.
23.Telangana lies between_____ and____N latitudes and _____ and_____ E longitudes.
A.
Telangana lies between 15°55' and 19°56' and North latitudes and 77°15' and 80°46' East longitudes.
24.Identify Indira point on the Atlas. what is special about this?
A.
1.The South most tip of India found in Great Nicobar Island is called Indira point.
2.It was named in honour of Smt. Indira Gandhi.
3.It was submerged during the 2014 Tsunami.
25.What are the boundaries of the Peninsular Plateau?
A.
1.The Ganga plain on the north.
2.The Western ghats on the west.
3.The Eastern ghats on the east.
4.The Kanyakumari on the south.
26.What are the boundaries of Deccan Plateau?
A.
1.The Satpura Range on the north.
2.The Nilgiris on the south.
3.The Western ghats on the west.
4.The Eastern Ghats on the east.
27.Give examples of the hills Western Ghats.
A.
1.The Sahyadri range.
2.Palani Hills.
3.Anamalai Hills.
4.Cardamom Hills.
28.Give some examples of the hills in the Eastern Ghats.
A.
1.Nallamala Hills.
2.Velikonda Hills.
3.Palkonda Hills.
4.Seshachalam Hills.
29.What is the location of Thar desert?
1.It is located on leeward of Aravali ranges.
2.It occupies much of western Rajasthan.
3.It receives very little rainfall, ranging from 100 to 150 mm per year.
4.The desert consists of an undulating sandy plain and rocky outcrops.
5.It has an arid climate with very low vegetation cover.
30.Read the following paragraph and comment.
The Thar Desert is located on the leeward side of Aravalis and receives very low amount of rainfall, ranging from 100 to 150 mm per year. The desert consists of an undulating sandy plain and rocky outcrop. It occupies much of western Rajasthan. It has an arid climate with very low vegetation cover. Streams appear during rainy season and disappear soon after. ‘Luni’ is the only river in this area. These internal drainage rivers fill into the lakes and don’t reach the sea.
A.
Introduction:
The above paragraph is describing the Thar Desert. Which is situated in western Rajasthan. The Thar desert spread in Sindh State of Pakistan also.
Comment:
1.Thar desert is located on the leeward side of Aravalli.
2.It has Arid climate, receives very little rainfall, ranging from 100 to 150 mm only.
3.The surface is covered with rock and sand.
4.The vegetation is very low. Streams appear during rainfall and soon disappear.
5.There is only one river Luni is flowing, but unable to reach to sea.
Conclusion: In Thar desert Indira Gandhi canal is flowing and watering to some of its parts. Even in this harsh climatic condition some people are living. The government must provide basic amenities like water and transportation in the Thar Desert.
30.What is an internal drainage river? Give an example.
A.
The river that fills into a lake and do not reach the sea is called an internal drainage river.
Ex: The Luni.
31.How is the Western coast of India divided?
A.
1.Konkan Coast in Maharashtra and Goa.
2.Canara Coast in Karnataka.
3.Malabar Coast in Kerala.
32.How is the Eastern Coast of India divided?
A.
1.Utkal coast in Odisha.
2.Circar Coast in Andhra Pradesh.
3.Coromandel Coast in Tamil Nadu.
33.Give examples for some lakes located in the eastern coast of India?
A.
1.Chilka lake in Orissa.
2.Kolleru lake in Andhra Pradesh.
3.Pulicat lake in Andhra Pradesh.
34.What are the differences between the islands located in Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal?
A.
*Islands located in Arabian sea:
1.They are called Lakshadweep.
2.They are of Coral origin.
3.Variety of flora and fauna found here.
*Islands located in Bay of Bengal:
1.They are called Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
2.They are formed due to volcanic eruption.
3.Here Narcondam and Barren islands present.
35.Where is Indira Point located? and what is its importance?
A.
1.Indira point is the south most tip of India.
2.It is located in the great Nicobar Island.
3.It was submerged during 2004 Tsunami.
36.What are the differences between the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats?
A.
Western Ghats:
1.They are parallel to the West Coast.
2.They continuous with a few passes as the gateways to the coastal plains.
3.They stretches from khandesh in Maharashtra to Kanyakumari.
4.They are stronger and higher.
5.Western Ghats include the, Palani (Tamilnadu), Annamalai and Cardamom (Kerala) hills
6.The highest peak in the western ghats Anaimudi.
Eastern Ghats:
1.They are parallel to the East Coast of India.
2.However, the Eastern Ghats are not continuous.
3.They extend from Mahanadi valley in the north to Nilgiris in the south.
4.They are less stronger and higher than Western Ghats.
5.Nallamalas, Velikondas, Palakondas and Seshachala are some of the hilly tracts of Eastern Ghats.
6.The highest peak in Eastern Ghats is Aroma Konda.
37.Name the important peaks in the Himalayas
A.
1.Mount Everest – 8,848 mts
2.K² peak – 8,611 mts
3.Kanchanajanga– 8,586 mts
4.Lhotse – 8,516 mts
5.Makalu – 8,462 mts
6.Cho Oyu – 8,201 mts
7.Dhaulagiri – 8,167 mts
8. Manaslu – 8,156 mts
9. Nanga Prabhat– 8,126 mts
10. Annapurna – 8,091 mts
IV. A) Mark the following locations on the given India map
1. Aravali mountain's
2. Chota Nagpur plateau.
3. K² peak
4. Thar Desert.
5. Luni River
6. Palk Strait.
7. Kulu valley
8. Karakorum Range.
9. Annaimudi peak
10. Great Nicobar (Indira Point)
B) Mark the following locations on the given India map.
1. Rann of Kutch.
2. Gujarat coast.
3. Konkan coast.
4. Canara coast.
5. Malabar coast.
6. Coramandal coast.
7. Circar coast.
8. Bengal coast.
