I.KEY WORDS:
1)Per capita Income:It is calculated by dividing the total income of an area (city, state, nation) by its total population.
2)Human development:Human development is defined as the process of improving peoples education, health and their well-being.
3)Public facilities:The goods and services provided by the government for the public collectively are called Public facilities.
Ex: Schools, Hospitals etc.
4)Educational indicators:Statistics that describe aspects of people literacy rate and net attendance rate of secondary school.
5)Health indicators:Health indicators are measures about priority topics related to population health or health system performance.
II.IMPROVE YOUR LEARNING:
1.What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of the above criterion if any?
A.
1.The World Bank in it's World Development Report in 2017, classified countries by using criterion of per capita income.
2.Those countries per capita income of US $12,055 and above per annum are called high income or developed countries.
3.Those countries per capita income of US $996 to 12,054 per annum are called middle income or developing countries.
4.Those countries per capita income less than US $995 per annum are low income or less developed countries.
Limitations as follows:
1.It does not indicate provision of adequate facilities which will enhance the quality of the people such as education and health.
2.It does not provide any information about income inequality between people.
3.It does not show how Increased income reached all sections of the people.
4.It does not give any knowledge as to how the income is distributed among the people.
2.Usually behind each social phenomenon, there would be several contributing factors, and not one. What are the factors that came together for the development of schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
A.
Factors that help for the development of a schooling in Himachal Pradesh:
1.Interest from the parents of the Himachal Pradesh.
2.Ambitious goals of the girls, boys and their career.
3.Free and compulsory education policy by the government.
4.Implementation of the mid day meals.
5.Scholarship encouragement to the students.
6.Free supply of textbooks, notebooks etc.
3.In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
A.
1.The World Bank has taken the per capita income for measuring the development of a country.
2.UNDP used Human Development Index as a criterion.
3.The per capita income could indicate only the average income of people, but not any social, and economic welfare.
4.HDI includes the aspects of health, education, life expectancy, etc.
5.World Bank divided the countries as high middle and low income countries based on the per capita income.
6.HDI is assigned ranks based on the education, health status and also per capita income etc.
7.UNDP's HDI has a vital tool, it was accepted in comparing countries in the development,
8.Hence the per capita income as an indicator was replaced by HDI.
4.Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed in the chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?
A.
Yes, there are such an other aspects to be considered in measuring human development which are as follows:
1.Besiide Per capita income Educational and General Health status of the people which are considered in the measuring human development by UNDP in its world development report.
2.The other aspects are employment provision, purchasing levels, water, sanitation, electricity, transport, irrigation, housing, pollution levels, GDP, etc.
5.Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
A.
The use of averages is apt method but it has got certain limitations which are as follows:
1.Averages do not provide the true picture of
distribution of income
2.They also do not provide any information
regarding the provision of adequate facilities which will enhance the quality of the people.
6.What lessons can you draw about the importance of income that Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana?
A.
1.The per capita income of the Haryana is higher than the other states.
2.The infant mortality rate in Himachal Pradesh is (25) a lower than Haryana (33).
3.The literacy rate in Himachal Pradesh is 84% and in the Haryana is 77%.
4.Both the people and government are keyn on education in Himachal Pradesh.
5. This table is a shows that per capita income by itself is not a suitable indicator of a Human Development some other indicators are also to be considered for the measuring Hamun development.
6.Therefore, in spite of lower per capita income of Himachal Pradesh has a better Human Development because Himachal Pradesh has other facilities than Haryana like health and education.
7.Based on the figures in Table 6, fill the following:
Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of age, ___ girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993. By the year 2006, this proportion reached _____ out of 100. For India as a whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond primary level was only _____out of 100 in the year 2006.
A.
Out of every hundred girls above 6 years of the age, 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in the year 1993 by the year 2006 this proportion reached 60 out of 100 for India as a wall the proportion of the boys who had studied beyond primary level syllabus only 57 out of 100 in the year 2006
8.What is the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it necessary for the government to run schools in Himachal Pradesh?
A.
1.The per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in (2011-12) is Rs.149028.
2.Yes, higher income makes it easier for parents to send the children to schools, because they can spend as much as money on the better education of their children.
3.Low income parents don't show interest in sending their children to school.
4.Himachal Pradesh has low literacy rate being a hilly region, less population density in the villages.
5.So spreading the schools in Himachal Pradesh becomes challenging task to the government.
6.The government to run schools to provide better education with the free of cost is necessary.
9.Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls' education as compared to boys. Discuss.
A.
Parent's giving less priority to girl's education as compared to boys.
1.The social issues like early marriage, low status of women and intractable patriarchal families are all due to traditional, cultural and religious beliefs.
2.Parent's are ignorance towards the girl's education led to the low priority.
3.Girls are always assigned to house hold work like care of siblings, animals and cooking.
3.In many cultures and traditions, a girl is not valued much as boy.
4.There is also a fear of parents about the safety and security of a girl child both in school and society
4.Parents are concerned about sending daughters to faraway institutions because of eve teasing, physical and psychological harassment.
5.Poverty and economic backwardness of the people also cause in some cases.
6.Religious and orthodox beliefs among the Hindus and Muslims are less importance to girl's education.
7.False thought, that the boys looks after the parents whereas the girls go to other family after marriage.
8.Gender bias and differentiated child rearing practices.
10.How the gender bias affect when the women work outside of home?
A.
1.The unequal treatment or discrimination based on the gender is called as gender bias.
2.However women taking up jobs outside are more confident, also economically independent.
3.They infact have more say in social life and politics. They have a greater say in the house hold decisions such as children's education, health, birth.
4.There will be less gender bias if working women are more in the society.
5.Women empowerment is the need, not just for protection and liberation.
6.The women's dignity in the household and society increases if women are engaged in paid work.
7.The women should be involved in almost all profession in this male- dominated society in order to minimise the gender bias.
11.In the class 8th you read about the Right to Education Act. In the light of what you have read in this chapter and already know, discuss the importance of this Act for (i) children, and (ii) human development.
A.
The Government of Indian brought Right to Education Act in 2009, came into force from April 1st 2012. According to this the children of 6 to 14 years age have a right to access free education.
I) Children:
1.According to this act the government is providing mid day meal, improving school building facilities, qualified and trained teachers are appointed etc.
2.This act prohibit unrecognized schools and ensures that no donations, or fee and no interviews or entrance test for child or parent during admissions etc.
II) Human development:
1.If all children are educated there will be a qualitative to development, and equality in the society.
2.Human Development will be possible with the proper implementation of this act.
III.SHORT ANSWERS:
1. What do you mean development?
A.
•Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change.
•Development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.
2.What things do most people desire generally? (or) What do the people decide other than income? (TS June 2008)
A.
1. Equal treatment.
2. Freedom.
3. Security.
4. Respect from others.
5. No discrimination.
2.What are the differences between Material things and Non-Material things?
A
Material things:
1.Material things that one can buy.
2.It is just one factor on which our life depends.
3.The value of the material things can measure.
4.Income, Goods and services are examples.
Non-Material things:
1.The Non-Material things that no one buy.
2.The quality of our life also depends on non-material things.
3.These are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.
4.Freedom, respect, security etc are the examples.
3.What are the development goals of landless rural labourers?
A.
1.More days of work.
2.Better wages.
3.Local school that provides quality education for their children.
4.No social discrimination.
4.What are the development goals of a girl from rich urban family?
A.
1.Getting as much freedom as her brother gets.
2.Be able to decide what she wants to do in life.
3.Be able to pursue her studies abroad.
5.Give examples for different persons can have a different development and goals. (TS June 2016)
A.
1.Lendless rural labourers: More days of work, Better wages, Local school that provides quality education for their children, No social discrimination.
2.Prosperous farmers: Assured high family income through higher support prices for their crops through hard working and a cheap labour.
3.Farmer who depends on rain for growing crops: want irrigation facilities so, that they can grow more crops in different seasons.
4.A girl from rich urban family: She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She would like to be able to pursue her studies in reputed private education institutions.
6.Why did the people protest against setting up the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant?
A.
1.The people in the region protested on the grounds of safety, security and livelihood.
2.They want to protect the coast and country from the radioactive peril.
3.They demand the government to "Stop the
project. Look to renewable energy as an alternative.
7.What are the issues of conflict between government and the people living in regions of nuclear power plant?
A.
There are few conflicts between government and the people who live near the nuclear power plant regions.
They are as follows:
1.The aim of the government is to generate nuclear power for the growing energy needs of the country. But it is proteste by the people of that region for safety, security and livelihood.
2.People also organise various movements, forwarding memoranda to the government.
3.This movement supported by scientists, environmentalists, social activists, etc.
4.The government has followed all the safety measures and, despite protests, is going ahead with the projects.
8.Name the two important concepts of the development?
A.
1.Different persons can have different developmental goals.
2.What may be the development for one, may not be the development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
9.What are the developmental goals of prosperous farmers?
A.
1. Assured high family income.
2. Higher support prices for their crops
3. Hard working and cheap labourers
4. Their children should settle in abroad
10.Why do different persons have different notion of development?
A.
Because life situations of different persons are different.
11.Explain different developmental goals and people conflict developmental goals?
A.
1.People have different developmental goals and people have conflicting developmental goals.
2.People donot have conflict developmental goals but they think about the immediate burden or problem.
3.The government wants to construct dams and project for the development of the people who lose their land in submerging. Will not accept to it.
4.This does not mean that they are against to the development.
5.The government should think about the alternative provide sufficient compensation to satisfy the victims.
12.What are the different indicators in which development is measured? Which one do you agree with? (TS March 2015)
A.
1. Per capita income of the people.
2. Average years of schooling.
3. Life expectancy at birth.
4. Employment levels of the people.
5. Literacy rate.
6. Infant mortality rate.
7. Expected years of schooling.
8. Health status.
9. Equal distribution.
Yes, I agree with all the about things because those are useful for measuring the complete development.
13.What is Infant Mortality Rate?
A.
It is the number of children who die within one year out of 1000 live children born.
14.What are the differences between national income and per capita income?
A.
National income
1.It is the total of the incomes of all residents of the country.
2.It shows the income of the whole country.
Per capitaincome (PCI)
1.The total income of the country divided by population is called per capita income.
2.It shows the average income of a single person.
15. “Per capita income is not consider as indicator of development”. Do you agree with this. justify.
A: Yes, I agree with this. Per capita come can sometimes misleads because it hides disparities in high and low incomes. Thus per capita income may not reflect the actual living conditions of the people. It donot take into
consideration education, health ..socia; indicators.
16.How did the World Bank classify the countries based on per capita income in 2017?
A.
Three categories:
1.High Income Countries: Countries with per capita income of US $ 12,055 and above per annum.
2.Middle Income Countries: Those with per capita income of between US $ 996-US $ 12,054.
3.Low income Countries:Those with percapita income of US $ 995 or less.
17.Which are called developed countries?
A.
The countries, excluding countries of West Asia and other small countries are called developed countries.
18.What are public facilities?
A.
The goods and services provided by the government for the public collectively are called Public facilities.
Ex: Schools, Hospitals etc.
19.Give examples where collective provision of goods and services.
A.
Ex:Roads, drainage system, street lights, CC cameras and security.
20.Which criteria is used by the World Bank to classify the countries? (2022 May)
A.
1.Percapita income is used by the World Bank to classify the countries
2.It classified the countries as High, Middle
and Low income
21.What is the difference between the criterion used by the World Bank and by the UNDP?
A.
World Bank’s criterion:
1.It measures the development in terms of per capita income.
2.It does not show educational attainment of
the people and their health status.
3.It classified the countries as High, Middle
and Low income.
UNDP's criterion:
1.It measures the development in terms of not only per capita income.
2.It says educational attainment of the people and their health status.
3.It assigned ranks to the countries.
22.What is Literacy Rate?
A.
It is the number of people aged 7 years and above who can read and write with
understanding in any language per 100 members.
23.What are the reasons behind Himachal Pradesh being ahead in literacy ?
A.
1. Both the government and the people of Himachal Pradesh were keen in education.
2. Per capita income of Himachal Pradesh is higher, so higher incomes of parents influence the schooling of their children.
3. Improvement of infrastructure and appointment if faculty in schools.
4.Incentivizing School enrolment with free uniforms and study material.
24.What is life expectancy at birth?
A.
Life expectancy at birth denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
25.What is Human Development Index (HDI)?
A.
It is a composite index used by UNDP to compare the countries based on the educational attainment of the people, their health status and per capita income.
26.What is the general thinking of the women who work outside the homes?
A.
1.They are economically independent.
2.They are more self-confident, self respect and dignity in the society.
3.They have greater say in household decisions such as children education and health etc.
4.They expect their daughters to work outside home after marriage.
27.“Girl education is still given less priority by parents compared to boy’s education.” Justify
A.
The net attendance rate among girls is very low mostly in rural areas.
1. Main reason is gender bias.
2. For a long time India remained a male dominant society.
3. The parents believe that boys lead their legacy.
4. People feel that girls must be trained in her farming the household duties.
5. The stereotypical opinion parents give less priority to girls education as compared to boys.
6. Parents do not like to send girls to distance places for education fearing security problems.
7. Society could not digest that fear of educated girls questioning old traditions and customs.
