I.Key words:
1.Climograph: The pictures that show the elements of weather and climate for a place are called climographs or climatographs.
2.Weather: The state of atmospheric conditions of elements like sunshine, temperature, atmospheric pressure, winds, humidity, clouds and precipitation over an area at a particular time refers to weather.
3.Monsoon: The seasonal which are blowing between the Indian Ocean and Indian sub -continent.
4.Insolation: The heat that the earth gets from the sunrays is known as insolation.
5.Jet Streams: The movement of upper air currents known as ‘jet streams’.
6.Pressure Zone: The temperatures is high in the atmosphere creating low pressure and low temperature leading to high pressure. These regions are called pressure belt are pressure zone.
7.Globalwarming:The atmospheric temperatures are increases due to carbon dioxide proportion increases in the atmosphere is called global warming.
II. Improve Your learning:
1.Read the following statements and findout whether they are an example of weather or climate.
a)During the last few years, many glaciers have melted in Himalayas.
b)During the last few decades, drought in Vidarbha region has increased.
A.
a)Weather (last few years denotes short period)
b)Climate(last few decades denotes long period)
2.Describe India's climate controls? (2018 June)
A.
They are:
A) Latitude.
B) Land water relationship.
C) Relief.
D) Upper air circulation.
A)Latitude or distance from the equator:
1.The heat is more intense in the low latitudes than in the high latitudes.
2.As we move away from the equator towards the poles, the average annual temperature decreases. because, we divide the regions on Earth as:
a)Tropical Region (close to the Equator)
b)Polar Region (close to the poles)
c)Temperate Region (between these two extremes)
3.The Southern part of India lies closer to the equator. Therefore, the climate of Kanyakumari is entirely different from Bhopal or Delhi.
B)Land water relationship:
1.The ocean absorbs and loses heat more slowly than land. This in turn affects the climate in many ways.
2.A large part of Southern India is influenced by moderate sea breezes because of its long coastline.
C)Relief:
1.Temperature decreases as altitude increases. Therefore, hills and mountains will have lower temperature than locations on the plain.
2.Hence, hill ståtions like Shimla, Nainital, Ooty, etc. have cooler climate compared to places near coast.
D)Upper atmospheric circulation:
1.India lies in the belt of dry North East trade winds.
2.The movement of upper air currents is called 'Jet streams'. India's climate is affected by the Jet streams.
3.Jet streams are fast flowing air currents.
3.Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and deserts.
A.
Climate in Hilly areas:
1.For ever 1000mtrs altitude 6.4°C temperature decreases.
2.Due to decrease in temperature, the hills and mountains enjoy cool weather than plains.
3.That means the hill stations have a cool climate even during the peak summer months.
4.The region of the Himalayas receive a lot of rainfall which is caused by summer monsoons coming from the sea.
Climate in Desert:
1.Firstly the Aravallis are the ones that stand in a parallel position to the Arabian Sea.
2.The summer monsoon pass through unhindered, leaving Rajasthan dry. In this way, the Thar desert is formed.
3.The Thar desert receives scanty rainfall, which ranges from 100mm to 150mm annually
4.The temperature is very high which touches even 53°C in the month of July.
4.How are human activities contributing to global warming?
A.
The human activities which led to global warming are:
1.Deforestation of tropical forest.
2.Due to increase in industries, power consumption also increased.
3.Lot of warming has occurred due to industrial revolution because of human activities.
4.The people started burning fossil fuels like coal to generate power.
5.To increase yield, farmers started using fertilisers.
6.As population increased, the number of vehicles increased. This led to more release of carbon dioxide by burning petrol and gas in automobiles.
5.What are the disagreements between ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ countries about AGW?
A.
An international organization called Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to address to reduce AGW. The IPCC 2015 Paris Summit came to an agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. On this agreement total 195 countries signed.
The are disagreements:
1.Developed countries (U.S.A., France, U.K) want developing countries to cut down the usage of burning coal and other activities.
2.They argued that these activities add more amount of greenhouse gases to the atmo sphere.
3.But developing countries argue that developed countries are developed precisely by burning fossil fuels.
4.They also said that their economic development will be seriously affected if they don't burn fossil fuels.
5.Their industrialization progress will also be hampered.
6.So, they asked the developed nations to do their fair share of work to find better alternatives and help the developing countries to progress. 7.These disagreements are not solved and reduction of emission of greenhouse gases has so far not been achieved.
6.How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the influence of the global warming.
A.
1.The global warming is the aspect where rapid warming is taking place due to drastic climate change.
2.The rise of average temperature of 2°C appears to be small but it increases at fast pace by early next century. This effects large regions of coastal areas.
3.Millions of people due to global warming may lose their livelihood.
4.Further climate change would have adverse effect on rainfall.
Measures to minimise Global Warming:
a)Switch from normal bulbs to Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulbs, which consumes very less power.
b) Afforestation.
c) To encourage public transport.
d) Recycling of plastic wares like cups, plates etc.
e) Conservation of water.
f) Shift to solar appliances.
g) To avoid products with lot of packing, which would reduce the land fills.
h) To switch off electronic devices, when not in use.
i) One should minimise the use of refrigerators, air conditioners etc., which would reduce the consumption of energy.
7.Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions.
A.Which month received the highest rainfall?
B.Which months experience the highest and the lowest temperature?
C.Why does the maximum amount of rainfall happen between June and October?
D.Why is the temperature high between March and May?
E.Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall.
A.
A)August month is receiving highest rainfall.
B)May and December month experience highest and lowest temperature.
C)Maximum amount of rainfall receive due to Southwest monsoon which blow between June to October.
D)The sun rays falls vertically over the tropic of Cancer. Hence we experience summer from March to May.
E)1.Hyderabad is situated in the interior of the land. hence it is experiences continental type of climate. Temperatures remains extreme.
2.It's recieves moderate rainfall because situated in the rain shadow region of western ghats.
8.Read the 4th para of page 54, i.e. “Earlier cycles of .............. because of human activities” and comment on it.
Earlier, cycles of cooling and warming happened over very long periods of time. This allowed most of the life on Earth the time to adapt to the changes. The problem now is that the heating is much more rapid and could lead to catastrophic changes. Much of the warming that has been occurring since the Industrial Revolution is because of human activities. Hence, the current global warming trend is called AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming; anthropogenic means caused by humans).
A.
In the earlier cycles of a cooling and warming happened over very long periods of time. This allowed most of the people on earth the time to adapted to the exchanges. Now-a-days, the heating is much more rapid and could lead great changes in climate. This due to human activities called anthropogenic global warming.
III. Short Answers:
1.What is the relation between the temperature and altitude of a place?
A.
1.The temperature of a place decreases when the altitude increases.
2.Therefore, relief or altitude of a region influences the climate of the area.
2.What are the differences between weather and climate?
A.
Weather:
1.The state of atmospheric conditions of elements like sunshine, temperature, atmospheric pressure, winds, humidity, clouds and precipitation over an area at a particular time refers to weather.
2.These weather conditions fluctuate very often even in a short period.
Climate:
1.Climate refers to such conditions over a large area and follows a similar general pattern over 30 or more years.
2.It refers to a longer period at least 30 years.
3. Classify the regions on the earth based on average annual temperatures.
A.
The three regions on the earth are:
1.Tropical region. (close to the Equator)
2.Polar region. (close to the poles)
3.Temperate region. (between these two extremes)
4. How are trade winds form?
A.
1.In the northern hemisphere, subtropical high pressure belt gives rise to permanent winds.
2.They blow toward the equatorial low pressure belt by reflecting towards the west and are called trade winds.
5.Name the Climate Controls or the factors that affect climate.
A.
The climate controls are:
1. Latitude.
2. Land - Water relationship.
3. Relief.
4. Upper Air Circulation.
6.Name the traditional Indian seasons.
A.
There are six traditional seasons in India
They are:
1.Vasantha (March - April)
2.Grishma (May- June)
3.Varsha. (July - August)
4.Sharad (September - October)
5.Hemanta (November- December)
6.Shishira. (January - February)
7.What are called Jet Streams?
A.
1.The movement of the upper air currents known as ‘jet streams’.
2.These are fast flowing air currents in a narrow belt in the upper atmosphere above 12000mtrs.
3.A jet stream causes the neighbouring atmosphere to cool at about 25°N latitude.
4.These jet streams causes rain from cloud over this latitude.
8.What is the influence of Western Disturbances on North India ?
A.
1.Cyclone depressions coming from Mediterranean sea are called Western Disturbances.
2.They are cause low to moderate rainfall over northern India.
3.This is a boon to wheat crop cultivated in ‘Rabi’ season.
9.What is the difference between effect of sunshine on land and ocean?
A.
Ocean:
1.The ocean absorbs heat slowly and loses heat more slowly.
Land:
1.Land quickly heated and quickly cool down.
10.What is called Equable Climate?
A.
1. Coastal areas are of moderate influence of the sea.
2. The difference between the day and night and that of summer and winter temperatures is not much.
2.This is known as equable climate.
11.What are 'Loo' winds?
A.
The dry and hot winds experienced in the Northern Plains during summer are called ‘Loo’.
12.Give examples for fossil fuels.
A.
Ex: Coal and Petroleum products.
13.How does the Indian peninsula divide the south west monsoon?
A.
The Indian peninsula divides the south west monsoon into two branches:
1.The Arabian Sea branch.
2.The Bay of Bengal branch.
14.Why did Coramandal coast is dry during the South West monsoons?
A.
1.Tamil Nadu coast (Coramandal), remains mostly dry during this season.
2.It is in the rain shadow area of the Arabian sea branch and is parallel to the Bay of Bengal branch.
15. Discuss the organisation (Mechanism )of monsoons in India?
A.
1.The climate of India is strongly influenced by the Monsoon winds.
2.Arab traders named the regular periodic riversal wind system as “monsoons”
3.The monsoons forms in the tropical area approximately between 20°N and 20°S latitudes.
4.The heavy moisture winds of the Indian ocean flow to the equatorial low pressure belt and change their direction towards the Indian- sub continent.
5.These winds blow from the south west direction, hence these are called southwest monsoons.
6. These formed into two branches and reach India by the begining of June which is known as onset of monsoon.
7. They gradually spread over the entire country in four to five weeks.
8. The high pressure winds in the Bay of Bengal blow to the equator and change their direction towards the coramandal coast of south India, which are called north-east monsoons.
9. Due to these winds, the Tamilnadu region of Coramandal coast and the Deccan part of Andhra Pradesh regions affects with the periodic cyclonic depressions and receives the bulk of rainfall during the month of October and November.
15.What are the differences between advancing monsoon and retreating monsoon?
A.
Advancing monsoons:
1.They arrive in the country in the month of June.
2.Many parts of India receive much rainfall due to this monsoon.
3.It is also called South-West monsoon.
Retreating monsoons:
1.They arrive in the month of November.
2.Only Coromandel Coast receives rainfall due to this monsoon.
3.They also known as North-East monsoon.
16.What are caused to Advancing monsoons?
A.
Heating of land creates low pressure on the land mass of Indian sub-continent, especially over central India and the Gangetic Plain.
17.Write down the reason for the low temperatures in India in the months of December and January.
A.
1.During the winter the weather is generally pleasant with the clear sky, low humidity and cool breezes.
2.The duration of the day light is shorter because of the angle of incidence is more due to Sun on the tropic of Capricorn.
18.Which areas of India receives bulk of the rainfall during the Southwest monsoon season?
A.
1.West coast due to the Western ghats.
2.North East India due to the high peaked hills.
20.What are called Mango Showers?
A.
1.The pre-monsoon showers that help in the early ripening of mangoes and other plantation crops in peninsular India.
2.These are called mango showers in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
21.What is called October heat?
A.
1.October - November is a period of transition from hot wet conditions to dry winter conditions.
2. The land is still moist.
3.Owing to the conditions of high temperature
and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive.
4.This is commonly known as “October heat”.
22.What is called deforestation?
A.
Removing of forests indiscriminately for agriculture, industries, mining, construction of multi-purpose projects is called deforestation
23.What will be the consequences, if the average temperatures on the earth increase to 2°C more?
A.
1.A rise of one meter in sea levels by early next century.
2.As millions of people would have to be shifted, they would lose their livelihood.
3.The rainfall is likely to be more erratic and leading to droughts and floods.
4.The agriculture pattern and people’s livelihood may be affected.
24.Write brief note about Greenhouse Effect?
A.
1.The greenhouse effect is the natural process of heating the Earth's surface.
2.The atmosphere traps a lot of solar energy that reaches the earth by preventing it from totally escaping back into space. It is green house effect.
25.Mention any two actions that you would take if you were the officer to prevent deforestation.
A.
1.Start planting trees.
2.Stop printing and go paperless.
3.Buying recycled products mainly.
26.What is Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW)?
A.
The much of the current global warming trend that has been occurring since industrial revolution is because of human activities. It is called Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW).
27.What are some other ways in which human action contributes to global warming?
A.
1.Usage of refrigerators and air conditioners etc. by humans leads to global warming
2.Usage of motor vehicles which run on fuel emits greenhouse gases.
3.Usage of inorganic fertilizers chemicals and pesticides.
4.Releasing of effluences and wastes of industries.
5.Excessive usage of natural resources.
6.Burning fossil fuels.
7.Clear cutting forests.
28.Suggest some measures to minimise the global warming (AGW)
A. Measures to minimise Global Warming:
a)Switch from normal bulbs to Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulbs, which consumes very less power.
*What are the causes of global warming at present? Suggest measures to reduce it. (June 2023)
A.
Causes of Global Warming:
1. Deforestation.
2. Increasing the use of fossil fuels.
3. Green house effect.
4. Increasing in the use plastic products.
5. Industrial revolution and emissions from industries.
Measures to reduce Global Warming:
a) Switch from normal bulbs to Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulbs, which consumes very less power.
b) Afforestation.
c) Reduce the use of fossil fuels.
d) To encourage public transport.
e) Conservation of water.
f) Recycling of plastic wares like cups, plates etc.
g) Shift to solar appliances.
h) To avoid products with lot of packing, which would reduce the land fills.
i)To switch off electronic devices, when not in use.
j) One should minimise the use of refrigerators, air conditioners etc.,
28.Why does Coromandel coast get high rainfall during North East monsoon?
A.
The Coromandel coast gets high rainfall during the northeast monsoon schedule to depressions and cyclones occurred in the bay of Bengal.
29.What are the elements of weather and climate?
A.
Elements of weather and climate
1.Temperature.
2.Atmospheric pressure.
3.Winds.
4.Humidity.
5.Precipitation.
30.Name some hill stations.
A.
Some important hill stations:
Shimla, Gulmarg, Nainital, Darjeeling, Kodaikanal and Udagamandalam.
31.Suggest any two programs to prevent famines.
A.
1.Providing food grains to the people at subsidised prices through ration shops.
2.Import food supplies from other countries.
3.Long - term measures should be implement to improve the irrigation.
*Prepare two slogans to reduce ‘Global warming’ to create awareness among the people. (TS March 2024)
A.
Slogans to reduce Global warming:
1.Reduce fossil fuel consumption - Reduce global warming
2.Increase plantation - Reduce global warming.
3.Stop global warming - Stop Glacier melting.
4.Use Solar power - Go Green and Save Green.
5.Reduce global warming - Keep forests green and ocean.
6.Grow the green forests - Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
IV. Map pointing:
A) Locate the following on India map
1) Leh 2) Delhi
3) Chennai 4) Jaipur
5) Shillong plateau 6) Sundarbans
7) Shimla 8) Udagamandalam
9) Nainitaal 10) Cauvery delta
B) Locate the following on India map
1) Coromandel coast. 2) Bay of Bengal
3) Deccan Plateau. 4) One state where mango showers occur
5) western ghats 6) Godavari delta
7) Nonadanga 8) Krishna
9) Loo winds 10) Kanyakumari
