I. KEY WORDS:
1. Glorious Revolution: The revolution of 1688 in England took place without shedding a drop of blood or firing a single shot. This transformation, therefore, is known as ‘Glorious’ or ‘Bloodless Revolution’.
2. Divine right: The absolute powers of the king were given by God, so this was called the 'Divine Right Theory'.
3. Liberalism: A political and social idiology that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.
4. Monarchy: The political power vested in the hands of single person.
5. Nationalism: The identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
6. Fraternity: A group of people sharing a common interests, and feeling of brotherhoodness.
7. Despotism: The exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way of unfair government.
8. Romanticism: A movement in the arts, music, literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing with strong feelings, inspiration, subjectivity, and reason order and intellectual ideas.
II. IMPROVE YOUR LEARNING:
1. Identify the name of the country in the
context of following statements: (UK, USA and France)
• Revolution where parliament system was established.
A.
UK
• Country where king continues to play some role even after revolution.
A.
UK
• Country that had to war against another in order to establish its democracy.
A.
USA
• The Bill of rights was adopted.
A.
USA
• Overthrow of the monarchy was led by the peasants.
A.
France
• The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted.
A.
France
2. What were the main ideas of social thinkers, which were significant to the establishment of new forms of governments? How did they gain popularity?
A.
1. John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau who wanted to create a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all.
2. In "Two Treatises of Government", Locke wrote against the belief that the monarch had absolute rights.
3. Rousseau proposed that government should be based on a social contract between the people and their representatives.
4. Montesquieu in his book "The Spirit of the Laws", proposed that power should be divided between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
5. The author of 'Declaration of rights' Thomas Jefferson declared that all men are created equal and are endowed by the creator with certain inalienable rights, including life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.
6. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed in saloons and coffee houses and spread among people through books and newspapers.
3. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protests in France.
A.
1. The French revolutionary was a culmination of social, political, intellectual and economic factors.
2. Louis XVI the king of france was autocratic, lead a life of luxury, was inefficient and weak willed,
3. The treasury of the king was empty on account of long wars, involvement in the American war of independence.
4. The French society was divided into the three estates. The 3rd estate had to pay the taxes this becomes heavy burden of the peasants, artisans and women.
5. They have no political rights and social status. Hence, they were a profoundly discontented lot.
6. The privileged estates who could pay would not pay. The already burdened third estate could not pay.
7. In 18th Century France was developed under the philosophers they opposed the theory of divine right of kings and propagated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of the people
7. In France the 3rd estate had no share in decision making this people.
8. On 20th June , 1789 they assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles .
9. They declared themselves a National Assembly and swore not disperse till they had drafted a constitution for France that would not limit the powers of the monarch .
4. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was best with contradictions? Explain.
A.
1. Yes, I agree, because every country has its own culture and custom.
2. It is not possible to set common rights between the people, because the language, culture, race, thoughts etc., are also different.
3. The French revolution has been the symbol of liberty and fraternity but later the French became the conquerors instead of liberators.
5. What made the American colonists to raise the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation’?
A.
1. England and other European countries had established its thirteen colonies on the eastern coast of North America.
2. The English Parliament started forcing its power on these colonies by making laws. But the people of those states did not vote in the elections to the Parliament.
3. The people of the thirteen colonies very much suffered like heavy burden of taxation.
4. The British Parliament often passed laws that favoured English traders and factories rather than people of the colonies.
5. The American colonies, therefore, raised the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation'.
6. How do you understand women’s role in French Revolution?
A.
1. French women was much inferior compared to men in social status, except daughters of noble and wealthier classes, women had no access to education and job training.
2. Women of the third estate had to work for a living as seamstresses or laundresses, sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market or domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people.
3. Their wages were lower than those of men.
4. In order to discuss and voice their interests, women started their own political clubs and newspapers.
5. About sixty women's club come up in different French cities. The society of revolutionary and republican women was the most famous of as men.
6. 1791 constitution reduced them as passive citizens and no right to vote and contest political office. However struggle for equal political rights, continued.
7. During the reign of terror many prominent women were arrested and number of them executed.
8. The example of the political activities of French women kept alive. It was finally in 1949, that women in France won the right to vote.
7. Read the para under the title ‘The Reign of Terror’ of page 158 and comment on it.
The period from 1793 to 1794 CE is known as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre, the leader of Jacobin club, followed a policy of strict control and punishment. He arrested, imprisoned and then tried all the people he saw as 'enemies' of the republic through a revolutionary tribunal. They included exnobles and clergy, members of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods If the court found them 'guilty', they were guillotined. Robespierre's government issued laws placeing an upper limit on wages and prices. All the people were allowed to have only a fixed amount of meat and bread. Peasants were forced to send their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the government. The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden. All the citizens were required to eat the pain d'egalite' ( equality bread), a loaf of bread made of whole weat. Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into barracks or offices. Robespierre implemented his policies so strictly that even his supporters wanted him to relax the policies. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794 CE, arrested and sent to the guillotine.
A.
1. Robespierre ruled France from 1793 to 1794 followed a policy of severe control and punishment is called as the Reign of Terror.
2. All those whom he saw as being 'enemies' of the republic - ex - nobles and clergy, members of other political parties.
3. Even members of his own party who did not agree with his methods - were arrested imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal. If the court found them ' guilty they were guillotined.
3. Robespierre's government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat and bread were rationed.
4. Peasants were forced to sell their grains it at prices fixed by the government. All citizens were required to eat the pain d'égalité (equality bread), a loaf made of whole wheat.
5. Churches were converted into barracks or offices.
Finally, he was convicted by a court, arrested and sent to the guillotine.in July 1794.
8. Briefly explain the process of the unification of Germany.
A.
1. Till 19 th century , Germany was divided into many small independent kingdoms.
2. During the time of Napolean Bonaparte Rhine Confederation established with 39 kingdoms ruled under one crown.
3. So, the liberals, traditionalists and patriots tasted the nationlism, they wanted to be one nation.
4. These liberals however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.
5. Bismarck the prime minister of Prussia made
possible the Unification of Germany with three battles in seven years.
1. War with Denmark ,
2. War with Austria and
3. War with France .
6. In January 1871 , the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
8. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
9. Locate England, France, Prussia, Spain, and Austria on the Map of Europe.
A.
III. SHORT ANSWERS:
1. What was called glorious or bloodless revolution?
A.
The constitutional monarchy was the beginning of a parliamentary democracy in England which was known as "Glorious" or "Bloodless Revolution" as not a single drop of blood was shed during the government till transformation
2. What do you mean zollverein?
A.
A customs union was formulated for free trade and economic cooperation in the kingdoms, which created a feeling of unity in Germans.
3. Define Global Village The world considered as a single community linked by telecommunication, What are the features that led to the process of making the modern world?
A.
Wars, conquests, enslavement and displacement of millions of people, massive destruction of forests and other natural resources, domination of one country by another, struggles and wars for freedom, etc. are important features of this process.
4. Define Industrial Revolution.
A.
Instead of man, using machinery in the production process is called industrial revolution
5. Define Democratic Revolution.
A.
Replacement of monarchial governments into representative government is called democratic representative revolution.
6. Define Scientific Revolution.
A.
Instead of old methods, using modern science and technology in our lives and beliefs is called scientific revolution
7. Who developed the new method for studying movement of planets and stars?
A.
Nilakanta Somayaji, Descartes and Newton.
8. What are the factors that opened the way for colonization?
A.
1. This opened the way for European ships to trade not only with different parts of Africa and India but also go all the way upto China by sea.
2. These developments created conditions for great spurt in trade and exchange between all the continents of the world.
3. As a result, great towns dominated by rich merchants developed all over the world.
4. The expansion of trade stimulated agricultural and craft production for international markets.
9. What are the factors that led to the unification movements?
A.
1. The rise of large kingdoms and empires in which power was concentrated in the hands of a few people.
2. They had strong armies and officials who established order and collected taxes.
3. They tried to put down small local kings or landlords who wanted autonomy.
4. This led to unification of countries and development of common administrative system.
10. How different would our lives have been if we were ruled by kings?
A.
1. It would be very different if we were ruled by kings.
2. They may have had made laws at their will.
3. Society might had been divided in high and low castes or estates.
4. Estates might have had their privileges and obligations.
5. We might have had been denied our fundamental rights.
11. What was the effect of the Civil war on the king and the people of the England ?
A.
1. A civil war lasted in England for five years.
2. Ultimately Charles I was defeated and executed in 1649 CE.
3. After Glorious Revolution in 1688 CE, the powers of the king were restricted. Thus the Parliament's supremacy was established.
4. After a consistent struggle the right to vote was gradually extended to all adults by 1928.
12. Read the following passage and answer the following question.
A.
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen:
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
2. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and inalien able rights of man. These are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.
3. The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation; no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people.
4. Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others.
5. The law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society Social Studies.
13. What was known as long parliament?
A.
1642 - 1660 AD was known as the long Parliament as a parliament was the supreme authority of a power which lead to differences between the parliamentary party and the king's party resulting in the civil war.
*What was called Tithes?
A.
A tax levied by the church, comprising
one-tenth of the agricultural produce.
*What was called Taille ?
A.
Tax to be paid directly to the state. Nobility - Aristocratic and bureaucratic class.
14. Name the important philosophers of French Revolution.
A.
John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu are the important philosophers of French Revolution.
15. How many Estates the French society divided? what are they?
A.
The French society was divided into three states. They are:
1. First Estate. : Clergy
2. Second Estate : Nobility
3. Third Estate : Peasants, artisans, merchant, lawyers, servents etc.
iv. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS:
* ............. was the Author of the Declaration ( )
A) Rousseau
B) Spencer
C) Jefferson
D) John Locke
*Louis XVI became the king of France in the year ( )
A) 1775
B) 1770
C) 1780
D) 1774
* ............ was the King of France at the time of Revolution ( )
A) Louis XVII
B) Marie Antoinette
C) Nicholas II
D) Louis XVI
* ......... about 90 per cent of the population ( )
A) Clergy
B) Peasants
C) Noble
D) None of these
* ......... society in the eighteenth century divided into three estates ( )
A) French
B) England
C) Austria
D) Spain
* In the ........ year women in France got the right to vote ( )
A) 1950
B) 1945
C) 1946
D) 1947
* ........... advocated government based on social contract ( )
A) Spencer
B) Darwin
C) Rousseau
D) Montesquieu
* ........... leader of the Jacobin clubs ( )
A) St. Jacob
B) Plato
C) Rousseau
D) Darwin
* Louis XVI and Queen marie Antoinette were executed in the year...... ( )
A ) 1790
B ) 1795
C ) 1789
D ) 1793
*The National Assembly completely the draft of the constitution in ......... ( )
A ) 1789
B ) 1795
C ) 1789
D ) 1783
* France was declared as Republic on. ........ ( )
A ) 21-8-1792
B ) 21-9-1792
C ) 10-7-1972
D ) 21-6-1792
* Victor Emmanuel Il was proclaimed the king of united Italy ( )
A ) 1871
B ) 1851
C ) 1861
D ) 1851
*Napoleon called himself the emperor of ..... ( )
A) German Republic
B) French Republic
C) Austrian Republic
D) Prussian Republic
* ........... was called the ' Citizen king ' at the time of his coronation . ( )
A ) Vector Emmanuel
B ) Metternich
C ) Louis Philippe
D ) Louis XVII
*The revolution against Charles X took place in the year ( )
A) 1820
B) 1830
C) 1824
D) 1848
* ........... was the Chief Minister of Prussia ( )
A) Cavour
B) Bismarck
C) Victor Emmanuel
D) William I
*In Hungary, half of the population spoke ...... language ( )
A) German
B) Polish
C) Magyar
D) English
* The congress at Vienna was hosted by the Austrian chancellor ......... ( )
A) Duke Metternich
B) Victor
C) Louis Philippe
D) Bismarck
* Young Italy secret society formed by ....... ( )
A) Bismarck
B) Mazzini
C) Cavour
D) Metternich
*James I became the King of England in .... ( )
A ) 1603
B ) 1605
C ) 1604
D ) 1606
* James I belong to........... dynasty.( )
A ) Tudor
B ) Stuart
C ) Barbon
D ) None of these
* Divine Right theory was believed... ( )
A ) James 1
B ) Charles
C ) William 1
D ) None of these
* A civil war started between Parliamentary party and Kings party which lasted for ( )
A) 6 years
B) 5 years
C) 4 years
D) 7 years
* England became Republic In the year....... ( )
A ) 1640
B ) 1649
C ) 1603
D ) 1620
* Glorious or Bloodless Revolution took place in which country ?
A ) England
B ) America
C ) France
D ) Austria
*In Which year, the voting rights were extended to more people ( )
A ) 1928
B ) 1774
C ) 1789
D ) 1832
* British colonies established east coast of North America ( )
A ) 12
B ) 13
C ) 14
D ) 09
* America the War of Independence in .....( )
A ) 1775
B ) 1781
C ) 1780
D ) 1784
* The Treaty of Paris held in the year ......... ( )
A ) 1783
B ) 1775
C ) 1789
D ) 1781
