I. KEYWORDS:
1. Peninsula: A Land mass which is surrounded by the sea on three sides and connected to the main land on the fourth side is called Peninsula. Eg. Norway and Sweden.
2. Island: A piece of land that is surrounded by water four sides is called an Island. Eg. Great Britain.
3. Bay: 1. Bays and gulfs are parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides. Bay is usually wide as in the Bay of Bengal.
4. Currents: The waters in the oceans are not static. Movements of the surface of ocean water like a stream in a particular direction is called ocean currents.
5. Gulf: A Gulf is a narrow inlet of the sea and has a narrow mouth. Eg: The entire Baltic sea is a large gulf.
6. Climate: The average weather conditions of a larger area over long period.
II. Improve your learning:
1. The Atlantic Ocean has a great impact on the climate of Europe as well as on the lives and livelihood of the people of Europe. Collect relevant information and write an essay on the theme.
A.
1. The climate of Europe is influenced by the Atlantic ocean which situated on the west and the winds blowing from it. This impact is more regions along the Atlantic ocean than which are far inland.
2. Thus countries like Poland and Russia have severe winters while France and Great Britain are comparatively warmer.
3. Russians winters are so cold that the rivers and even the nearby seas freeze. However, this does not happen in the countries of western Europe along the sea coast.
4. Winds blow all the year round from the Atlantic ocean towards Europe. Since they blow from the west. These winds are called ' Westerlies'. These winds are warmer than the land temperature and are moist too.
5. Warm ocean currents in Atlantic ocean which flows from westward to North America. It flows north along the eastern coast of America under the impact of the westerlies and then advances towards Europe.
2. Answer these questions with the help of the maps given in the chapter:
• Which of the following is not a landlocked (surrounded by land) country – (Hungary / Romania / Poland / Switzerland)?
A.
Romania and Poland are not a landlocked countries.
• Which mountains lie between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea – (Alps / Caucasus
Mountains)?
A.
Caucasian.
• Which countries are on the shores of the Arctic Ocean – (Russia / Germany / Sweden / Norway)?
A.
Russia and Norway.
• Can a ship sail from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean? If yes, trace the route it will have to take.
A.
Yes, a ship cancel from Black sea to Atlantic Ocean through Mediterranean sea.
3. Why are harbours built in deep gulfs or bays?
A.
1. Bays and gulfs are parts of the sea enclosed by land on three sides.
2. The Bay is usually wide as in the bay of Bengal.
3. Gulf is a narrow inlet of the sea and has a narrow mouth.
4. The bays and gulfs are protected from the storms of the seas.
5. Deep gulfs or bays are preferred for building harbours, as large ships need deep waters so that their bottoms do not touch the sea floor
4. Why are the winters less severe in Western Europe than in Eastern Europe?
A.
1. The climate of Europe is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the westerlies winds blowing from it.
2. This impact is felt more by the regions along the Atlantic Ocean than the ones which are far inland .
3. In the winters it is less cold in Western Europe but it is more colder in Eastern Europe.
4. Thus countries like Poland and Russia have severe winters while France and Great Britain are comparatively warmer.
5. Russians winters are so cold that the rivers and even the nearby seas freeze.
6. However , this does not happen in the countries of West Europe along the sea coast.
7. This difference must be because of the nearness of Western Europe to the Atlantic Ocean.
5. Name four countries on the coast of the Black Sea.
A.
Countries on the coast of the Black Sea.
1. Ukraine.
2. Romania.
3. Bulgaria.
4. Turkey.
6. How do the Westerlies benefit the people of Western Europe?
A.
1. Westerlies are warm winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean.
2. They keep the climate of Western Europe much warmer than that of eastern Europe.
3. They bring shows throughout the year.
4. They do help in making agriculture possible throughout the year.
7. What are the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate? Name the countries which have a Mediterranean climate.
A.
1. The average temperature range from 8°C - 12° C in January and 22°C to 24°C in July.
2. Mediterranean summer are dry with no rainfall.
3. It rains only during the winter ranging from 80 cm to 130 cm.
4. In this climatic region January is the coldest month.
5. The Mediterranean type of climate is found in South part of the Europe.
8. What are the factors that limit European agriculture?
A.
1. Most part of the Europe is covered with mountains.
2. In the Eastern part of Europe the winters are very severe.
3. Some countries have a very little agricultural land.
4. Holland has to reclaim small portion of land from sea.
9. Name the important crops of southern Europe.
A.
Wheat, barley, oats, rye, sugar - beet, potato and fruits are the important crops in southern Europe.
10. How can you say that the trade and cultural relations have developed among the countries due to the discovery of new sea routes by European sailors?
A.
1. European people have been trading with Asian countries like India, China and in Indonesia from ancient times.
2. Several European went to America for trade, conquer and settle after sea route discovered by Columbus.
3. European could now sail not only to America but also to different parts of the Africa India and Australia.
4. They traded with these countries and collected very large wealth which was used to develop their industries in Europe
11. “However, as times changed, ...... trading with them” Read the above paragraph in page no: 56 and comment on it.
Industrial Revolution in Europe
However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew in new areas. Industrialisation also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries. Thus, they relied less on the agricultural of their own countries for thier food and raw material requirements. Hence, Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries. Initially this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa and America. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways of trading with them.
A.
1. The industrial revolution started in England around 1750 and soon factory produc tion spread to France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Russia, etc. Countries like England and Germany which had large reserves of coal and other minerals took lead in developing new industries.
2. However, as times changed, European countries began to use less and less of their own mineral resources and relied on imports from other countries.
3. The old mining towns and old factories were closed down and new factories grew new areas.
4. Industrialisation also enabled the European countries to import agricultural goods from other countries.
5. Thus, they relied less on the agricultural of their countries for their food require ments and raw material requirements.
6. Hence, Europe became dependent upon trade with other countries.
7. Initially this trade was with their colonies in Asia, Africa and America.
8. However as the colonies became independent, they had to develop new ways trad ing with them.
12. How is agriculture similar or different in Europe from that of our country?
A.
Agriculture in India:
1. India is a land of plains.
2. It is more suitable for agriculture.
3. Rice and wheat are the main crops in our country.
4. Heree farmers grow 2 to 3 crops as per the availability of water.
Agriculture in Europe:
1. Europe is a mountainous land.
2. It is not suitable for agriculture.
3. Wheat is the main crop here.
4. Farmers grow only one crop in a year.
III. SHORT ANSWERS:
1. What are the boundaries of Europe?
A.
The boundaries of Europe are:
1. Arctic Ocean on the north.
2. Mediterranean sea on the south.
3. Ural mountains on the East.
4. Atlantic Ocean on the west.
2. Name the mountains of Europe.
A.
They are:
1. Alps mountains
2. Ural mountains
3. Scandinavian range
4. Caucasian mountains
5. Carpathian mountains
3. Name the important River of Europe.
A.
They are:
1. Serine river
2. Rhine River
3. Older river
4. Po river
5. Danube River
6. Vistula river
7. Volga River
8. Dniper river
9. Dvina river
4. What is called polder?
A.
There is an acute shortage of land in Holland. The people of Holland (the Dutch) have reclaimed small portions of land from the sea by building embankments called dykes to push back the sea. The land that is reclaimed is called ‘polder’.
5. Find out the names of some of the other island countries of Europe.
A.
1. The sea surrounds some of the European countries on all four sides.
2. These are island countries.
3. Great Britain and Ireland are island countries in Europe.
6. Which are called westerlies?
A.
1. Winds blow all the year round from the Atlantic ocean towards Europe.
2. Since they blow from the west.
3. These winds are called westerlies.
7. What do you mean Mediterranean climate?
A.
The countries around the Mediterranean sea have distinct climate called the 'Mediterranean climate'.
8. Why do you think the climate of Europe is so different from ours? discuss among yourselves in the class.
A.
1. The climate of Europe is a temperate and continental nature.
2. The climate of India is tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid and mountain climate.
3. So both are different from each other.
9. What are the factors that limit European agriculture?
A.
A very large part of Europe is mountainous and not suitable for agriculture. In eastern and northern Europe, it is not possible to cultivate land in winter, due to extreme cold. As a result it is possible to rain only one crop in a year.
10. What is the Dogger Bank? Name the countries which would benefit from the Dogger Bank
A.
1. The warm currents are very good for fish breeding as they contain ample food materials for the fishes.
2. The fishing industry is very well developed in the North sea near Britain is called 'Dogger Bank'.
3. Among the Europeans fish is important food.
4. United Kingdom, Belgium, Netherland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden would get benefit from Dogger Bank.
11. Find out the names of some of the other island countries of Europe.
A.
1. The sea surrounds some of the European countries, not just on three sides but on all four sides.
2. These are island countries.
3. Great Britain and Ireland are island countries in Europe.
12. What are the important crops that are grown in Europe?
A.
1. Food crops that are grown in Europe are wheat, maize, rye, barley and oats. Sugar is manufactured from beet in Russia, Ukraine and Germany.
2. Commercial crop that is grown in Europe is 'Tobacco'.
3. Fruits that are farmed in Europe are apples, pears, peaches, grapes, oranges, palm and olive etc.
4. Fruits like grapes are used for making wine.
13. Mention the important rivers of Europe.
A.
1. River Volga is the largest river in Europe.
2. The second longest river is Danube. It is known as an international river.
3. The Rhine is one of the most important river, it flows in many countries and empties into the North Sea.
4. Unlike the Rhine, the Volga drains into the Caspian sea, which is a vast lake.
#. Industrial Revolution took place first in a ( )
A) Asia
B) India
C) Europe
D) America
#. The West of Europe is............ ( )
A) The Atlantic ocean
B) The Arctic ocean
C) Ural Mountains
D) The Mediterranian sea
#. The most important mountain range in Europe is ( )
A) The Alps
B) The Caucasus
C) The Pyrenees
D) Ural
#. A ................ has water on four sides ( )
A) Peninsula
B) Continent
C) Island
D) Ocean
#. Baltic Sea is a large
A) Sea
B) Gulf
C) Bay
D) Ocean
#. ..... is very important in Dogger Bank ( )
A) Cattle rearing
B) Fishing
C) Cultivation
D) Industries
